Galianthe (Rubiaceae) is a neotropical genus comprising 50 species divided into two subgenera, Galianthe subgen. Galianthe, with 39 species and Galianthe subgen. Ebelia, with 11 species. The diagnostic features of the genus are: usually erect habit with xylopodium, distylous flowers arranged in lax thyrsoid inflorescences, bifid stigmas, 2-carpellate and longitudinally dehiscent fruits, with dehiscent valves or indehiscent mericarps, plump seeds or complanate with a wing-like strophiole, and pollen with double reticulum, rarely with a simple reticulum. This study focused on two species that were originally described under Diodia due to the occurrence of fruits indehiscent mericarps: Diodia palustris and D. spicata. In the present study, classical taxonomy is combined with molecular analyses. As a result, we propose that both Diodia species belong to Galianthe subgen. Ebelia. The molecular position within Galianthe, based on ITS and ETS sequences, has been supported by the following morphological characters: thyrsoid, spiciform or cymoidal inflorescences, bifid stigmas, pollen grains with a double reticulum, and indehiscent mericarps. However, both species, unlike the remainder of the genus Galianthe, have homostylous flowers, so the presence of this type of flower significantly modifies the generic concept. In this framework, a third homostylous species, Galianthe vasquezii, from the Andean region is also described. Until now, this species remained cryptic under specimens of Galianthe palustris It differs however from the latter by having longer calyx lobes, the presence of dispersed trichomes inside the corolla lobes (vs. glabrous), fruits that are acropetally dehiscent (vs. basipetally dehiscent), and its Andean geographical distribution (vs. Paranaense). Additionally, a lectotype has been chosen for Diodia palustris, Borreria pterophora has been placed under synonymy of Galianthe palustris, and Galianthe boliviana is reported for the first time from Peru. A key of all Galianthe species with indehiscent mericarps is also provided.

The shortage of reliable primary taxonomic data limits the description of biological taxa and the understanding of biodiversity patterns and processes, complicating biogeographical, ecological, and evolutionary studies. This deficit creates a significant taxonomic impediment to biodiversity research and conservation planning. The taxonomic impediment and the biodiversity crisis are widely recognized, highlighting the urgent need for reliable taxonomic data. Over the past decade, numerous countries worldwide have devoted considerable effort to Target 1 of the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation (GSPC), which called for the preparation of a working list of all known plant species by 2010 and an online world Flora by 2020. Brazil is a megadiverse country, home to more of the world's known plant species than any other country. Despite that, Flora Brasiliensis, concluded in 1906, was the last comprehensive treatment of the Brazilian flora. The lack of accurate estimates of the number of species of algae, fungi, and plants occurring in Brazil contributes to the prevailing taxonomic impediment and delays progress towards the GSPC targets. Over the past 12 years, a legion of taxonomists motivated to meet Target 1 of the GSPC, worked together to gather and integrate knowledge on the algal, plant, and fungal diversity of Brazil. Overall, a team of about 980 taxonomists joined efforts in a highly collaborative project that used cybertaxonomy to prepare an updated Flora of Brazil, showing the power of scientific collaboration to reach ambitious goals. This paper presents an overview of the Brazilian Flora 2020 and provides taxonomic and spatial updates on the algae, fungi, and plants found in one of the world's most biodiverse countries. We further identify collection gaps and summarize future goals that extend beyond 2020. Our results show that Brazil is home to 46,975 native species of algae, fungi, and plants, of which 19,669 are endemic to the country. The data compiled to date suggests that the Atlantic Rainforest might be the most diverse Brazilian domain for all plant groups except gymnosperms, which are most diverse in the Amazon. However, scientific knowledge of Brazilian diversity is still unequally distributed, with the Atlantic Rainforest and the Cerrado being the most intensively sampled and studied biomes in the country. In times of “scientific reductionism”, with botanical and mycological sciences suffering pervasive depreciation in recent decades, the first online Flora of Brazil 2020 significantly enhanced the quality and quantity of taxonomic data available for algae, fungi, and plants from Brazil. This project also made all the information freely available online, providing a firm foundation for future research and for the management, conservation, and sustainable use of the Brazilian funga and flora.

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Th e genus Oldenlandia (Rubiaceae) has a confl icting generic delimitation, with representatives that show diff erent fl oral syndromes. Oldenlandia salzmannii is a marshy herb that is widespread in South America. It is heterostylous, specifi cally distylous, and self-compatible. Recent molecular phylogenetic studies found that this species forms a clade that is isolated from the remaining described taxa of Oldenlandia. Information about the fl oral anatomy and reproductive biology of genera in the Spermacoceae tribe, particularly Oldenlandia, is insuffi cient, especially among the neotropical species. Accordingly, the present study aimed at contributing information on the reproductive biology of Oldenlandia salzmannii by analyzing its fl oral morpho-anatomy, morphometrics and phenology of both fl oral morphs. Th ese analyses were conducted with natural, cultivated and fi xed material using optical and scanning electron microscopes. Morphologically, the species is typically heterostylous with two fl oral morphs, long-styled and short-styled, the main diff erence being the indument of the corolla. Th e short-styled fl owers have larger anthers and pollen grains. Morphometrics show a high degree of herkogamic reciprocity. Th e mature ovules have a hemitropous position, which is the fi rst record of this position for the Spermacoceae tribe. Th is study represents the fi rst comprehensive morphological study of Oldenlandia salzmannii.

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Resumen Durante la actualización de la lista de especies de la tribu Spermacoceae (Rubiaceae) de Brasil se realizaron algunas consideraciones nomenclaturales para cinco nombres publicados de Diodia. Se presentan dos nuevas combinaciones: Diodella angustata (Steyerm.) E.L. Cabral & A. Cabaña-Fader y Mitracarpus froesii (Sucre) E.L. Cabral & E.B. Souza. Se incluye a Diodia barbeyana como nuevo sinónimo de Diodella gardneri, se cita a Diodia microcarpa como nuevo sinónimo de Borreria palustris y a D. appariciana como nuevo sinónimo de Borreria multiflora.

Diodia kuntzei (Rubiaceae, Spermacoceae) is prostrate herb, rooting at the nodes, with reddish stems, multifimbriate stipules, axillary one-two-flowered inflorescences, corolla with filiform tube, and indehiscent fruit. The species is recorded for the first time for the state of Acre, where it was found in Alto Juruá region, municipality of Cruzeiro do Sul, in waterlogged habitat (07°33′32″S, 072°42′59″W). Images of the plant and comments on its habitat and distribution are provided.

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