The descriptive statistics suggest that the distributions of SDQ scores are very similar across the Nordic countries. Further collaborative efforts in establishing norms and evaluating the validity of the SDQ as a screening instrument are encouraged.

There is increasing knowledge that the COVID-19 pandemic has had an impact on mental health of children and young people. However, the global evidence of mental health changes before compared to during the COVID-19 pandemic focusing on children and young people has not been systematically reviewed. This systematic review examined longitudinal and repeated cross-sectional studies comparing before and during COVID-19 pandemic data to determine whether the mental health of children and young people had changed before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. The Web of Science, PubMed, Embase and PsycINFO databases were searched to identify peer-reviewed studies that had been published in English and focused on children and young people between 0 and 24 years of age. This identified 21 studies from 11 countries, covering more than 96,000 subjects from 3 to 24 years of age. Pre-pandemic and pandemic data were compared. Most studies reported longitudinal deterioration in the mental health of adolescents and young people, with increased depression, anxiety and psychological distress after the pandemic started. Other findings included deteriorated negative affect, mental well-being and increased loneliness. Comparing data for pandemic and pre-pandemic periods showed that the COVID-19 pandemic may negatively impact the mental health of children and young people. There is an urgent need for high-quality research to address the impact, risks and protective factors of the pandemic on their mental health, as this will provide a good foundation for dealing with future health emergencies and other crises.

The aim of this prospective study was to explore the stability of sense of coherence (SOC) in adolescents from the age of 15 to 18 years. Methods: A prospective population-based follow-up study of 1294 first-born children was started in 1986. When the children were 15 (N = 846) and 18 (N = 792) years old, SOC was measured using questionnaires filled out at home. Results: The mean change in SOC scores (0.10, SD 10.2; in percentages 1.98%, SD 18.4) in the whole sample between the ages of 15 and 18 years was negligible and non-significant (p = .788). At the individual level, some changes were seen in the scores. The SOC scores of boys at the ages of 15 and 18 years were significantly higher than those of girls (mean 65.4 vs. 60.8 and 65.4 vs. 61.7, respectively). The SOC scores of adolescents living with both parents were higher than those with one parent or other guardian (mean 64.5 vs. 59.9), and the difference was significant in both age groups (p < .001). Conclusion·. Contrary to assumptions made in Antonovsky's theory, we found no significant change in SOC between the ages of 15 to 18 years, and coherence stability did not depend on the initial SOC. Some fluctuation in SOC scores was seen at the individual level. For planning of interventions, it is important to know that SOC seems to be reasonably stabilized before the age of 15 years.

Background The COVID-19 pandemic has impacted on psychiatric symptoms of children and young people, but many psychiatric services have been disrupted. It is unclear how service use, self-harm and suicide has changed since the pandemic started. To gain timely information, this systematic review focused on studies based on administrative data that compared psychiatric service use, self-harm and suicide before and during the pandemic among children and young people. Methods and finding A systematic review of studies published in English from 1 January 2020 to 22 March 2021 was conducted, using the Web of Science, PubMed, Embase and PsycINFO databases. Increases or reductions in service use were calculated and compared using percentages. Of the 2,676 papers retrieved, 18 were eligible for the review and they provided data from 19 countries and regions. Most studies assessed changes during the early phase of the COVID-19 pandemic, from March to July 2020, and three assessed the changes until October 2020. Fifteen studies reported a total of 21 service use outcomes that were quantitively examined. More than three-quarters of the 21 outcomes (81%) fell by 5–80% (mean reduction = 27.9%, SD = 35%). Ten of the 20 outcomes for psychiatric emergency department (ED) services reduced by 5% to 80% (mean = 40.1%, SD = 34.9%) during the pandemic. Reductions in service use were also recorded for ED visits due to suicide ideation and self-harm, referrals to secondary mental health services, psychiatric inpatient unit admissions and patients receiving treatment for eating disorders. However, there were also some increases. Suicide rate and the number of ED visits due to suicide attempts have increased, and there was an increase in the number of treatment sessions in a service that provided telemedicine. Conclusion Most of the studies showed reductions in the use of psychiatric services by children and young people during the early phase of the pandemic and this highlighted potential delays or unmet needs. Suicide rate has increased during the second wave of the pandemic. Further studies are needed to assess the pattern of service use in the later phases of the COVID-19 pandemic.

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Sourander A, Korkeila J, Turunen M-M. Involuntary psychiatric hospital treatment among 12-to 17-year-olds in Finland: A nationwide register study. Nord J Psychiatry 1998;52:367 -371. Oslo. ISSN 0803-9488.Information on involuntary psychiatric hospital treatment of all 12-to 17-year-old minors in 1990 and 1993 in Finland was collected from the national hospital discharge register. Involuntary treatment was associated with older age, psychosis diagnosis, and treatment in adult psychiatric ward. Treatment year, sex, and having previous psychiatric hospital treatment were not associated with involuntary treatment. Considerable differences were found when different health care districts were compared. In 12 of 22 districts there were no minors in involuntary treatment in 1993. For ethical and legal reasons the involuntary treatment of minors in adult settings can hardly be justified.Adolescent psychiatry, In6oluntary treatment, Psychiatric ser6ices.

Background Long-term ‘not in education, employment or training’ (NEET) status is an important indicator of youth marginalisation. Aims To carry out a comprehensive overview of the associations between different psychiatric illnesses and long-term NEET status. Method We used the register-based 1987 Finnish Birth Cohort study, which includes all live births in Finland during that year. The analyses comprised 55 273 individuals after exclusions for intellectual disability, death or emigration. We predicted that psychiatric disorders, diagnosed by specialist services between 1998 and 2007 when the cohort were 10–20 years of age, would be associated with subsequent long-term NEET (defined as NEET for at least 5 years between 2008 and 2015, when they were 20–28 years of age). Results In total, 1438 individuals (2.6%) were long-term NEET during follow-up and the associations between long-term NEET and the 11 diagnostic categories we studied were statistically significant (P < 0.001). In multivariate models we included sociodemographic characteristics and upper secondary education as covariates, and the highest effect sizes, measured by odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI), were found for psychosis (OR = 12.0, 95% CI 9.5–15.2) and autism spectrum disorder (OR = 17.3, 95% CI 11.5–26.0). If individuals had not successfully completed this education, 70.6% of those with autism spectrum disorder and 48.4% of those with psychosis were later long-term NEET. Conclusions Adolescents who receive treatment for psychiatric disorders, particularly autism spectrum disorder or psychosis, need support to access education and employment. This could help to prevent marginalisation in early adulthood.

The aims of this study were to prospectively follow up population‐based cohorts of children with widespread pain, children with neck pain and pain‐free children, in order to evaluate 1‐y changes in pain symptoms and to evaluate predictors for persistent widespread pain and for the change of neck pain to widespread pain. A structured pain questionnaire, the Children's Depression Inventory, and a sleep questionnaire were completed by the pre‐adolescent cohorts, and clinical evaluation with tender point palpation and pain threshold measurements was carried out in both years. The Child Behavior Checklist, the Teacher's Report Form and a sociodemographic questionnaire were completed at baseline. More children in the 2 pain cohorts reported pain at follow‐up than did controls (p<0.0001). Children with persistent widespread pain had lower pain thresholds compared with those whose pain classification changed. In the neck pain group, 19 (20.4%) reported widespread pain at follow‐up. Although depressive symptoms and sleep problems were associated with the change of neck pain to widespread pain, neither they nor other measured factors showed independent explanatory power in multiple logistic regression analysis. In conclusion, fluctuation of pain symptoms occurred mainly among pain cohorts. Depressive and sleep problems may have an effect on the spreading of regional neck pain to widespread pain. Pain threshold measurement and evaluation of depressive and sleep problems may be useful tools for secondary prevention of musculoskeletal pain in pre‐adolescents.