A systematic review of the mental health changes of children and young people before and during the COVID-19 pandemic

Kauhanen, Laura; Yunus, Wan Mohd Azam Wan Mohd; Lempinen, Lotta; Peltonen, Kirsi; Gyllenberg, David; Mishina, Kaisa; Gilbert, Sonja; Bastola, Kalpana; Brown, June; Sourander, André

doi:10.1007/s00787-022-02060-0

Cited by 228 publications

(185 citation statements)

References 53 publications

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“…Scores for each subscale were classified into five severity ranges: normal, mild, moderate, severe, and extremely severe. The cut-off points for each category were as follows: for depression subscale, normal (0-9), mild (10)(11)(12)(13), moderate (14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20), severe (21)(22)(23)(24)(25)(26)(27), and extremely severe (28 and more); for anxiety subscale, normal (0-7), mild (8)(9), moderate (10)(11)(12)(13)(14), severe (15)(16)(17)(18)(19), and extremely severe (20 and more); for the Stress subscale, normal (0-14), mild (15)(16)(17)(18), moderate (19)(20)(21)(22)(23)(24)(25), severe (26)(27)(28)(29)(30)(31)(32...…”

Section: Research Instruments and Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Psychological Status of College Students During COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-Sectional Study in Saudi Arabia

Alanazi¹

2022

AMEP

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Purpose This study aimed to assess the prevalence and associated factors of depression, anxiety, and stress among college students in Saudi Arabia during the COVID-19 outbreak. Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted between February 10th to April 10th, 2021. An online self-administered questionnaire was emailed to college students at a large institution in Saudi Arabia. The questionnaire consisted of sociodemographic, educational backgrounds, and the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21). Results The study included 311 university students (62.7% female and 39.3% male). The prevalence of higher than moderate level in each of the depression, anxiety, and stress were (n= 164, 52.7%), (n= 222, 71.4%), and (n= 112, 36%), respectively. Further analysis revealed that females, younger age, history of depression, history of being quarantined by a health authority, and having contact with a confirmed case of COVID-19 were associated with a greater level of depression, anxiety, and stress. Conclusion Depression, anxiety, and stress were highly prevalent among college students during the outbreak. There was a significant association between demographic characteristics and the DASS 21 score. Researchers are recommended to concentrate their future studies on establishing strategies to enhance students’ flexibility and adaptability in the face of future catastrophes.

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Section: Research Instruments and Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“… 9 Furthermore, systematic review and meta-analysis results revealed that COVID-19 poses mental health risks to young people and college students. 10 , 11 According to Li et al, depression and anxiety significantly increased during the COVID-19 pandemic among college students.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Psychological Status of College Students During COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-Sectional Study in Saudi Arabia

Alanazi¹

2022

AMEP

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“…There are now several longitudinal studies of change in mental health measures among children and young adults before and during the COVID-19 pandemic [22]. Several comprehensive studies of college and university students in the United States include data on prepandemic mental health, analyses of predictors, and a focus on serious psychiatric and alcohol/drug use outcomes [23,24], but data are lacking for high school students.…”

Section: Plos Onementioning

confidence: 99%

Persistent anxiety among high school students: Survey results from the second year of the COVID pandemic

Yin¹,

Parikka²,

Ma³

et al. 2022

PLoS ONE

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Introduction National mental health surveys have demonstrated increased stress and depressive symptoms among high-school students during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic, but objective measures of anxiety after the first year of the pandemic are lacking. Methods A 25-question survey including demographics, the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 scale (GAD-7) a validated self-administered tool to evaluate anxiety severity, and questions on achievement goals and future aspirations was designed by investigators. Over a 2-month period, all students from grade 9–12 in a single high-school (n = 546) were invited to complete an online survey after electronic parental consent and student assent. Bi-variate and chi-square analyses examined demographic differences in anxiety scores and the impact on outcomes; qualitative analyses examined related themes from open-ended questions. Results In total, 155/546 (28%) completed the survey. Among students with binary gender classifications, 54/149 (36%) had GAD-7 scores in the moderate or severe anxiety range (scores≥10), with a greater proportion among females than males (47% vs 21%, P<0.001). Compared to students with GAD-7<10, those with ≥ 10 were more likely to strongly agree that the pandemic changed them significantly (51% vs 28%, p = 0.05), made them mature faster (44% vs 16%, p = 0.004), and affected their personal growth negatively (16% vs 6%, p = 0.004). Prominent themes that emerged from open-ended responses on regrets during the pandemic included missing out on school social or sports events, missing out being with friends, and attending family events or vacations. Conclusion In this survey of high school students conducted 2 years after the onset of COVID-19 in the United States, 47% of females and 21% of males reported moderate or severe anxiety symptoms as assessed by the GAD-7. Whether heightened anxiety results in functional deficits is still uncertain, but resources for assessment and treatment should be prioritized.

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“…In this sense, multiple studies have already assessed the changes in mental health generated in different populations and countries, as well as the risk and protective factors that influence this response, showing a very high impact in general. However, there are clear differences depending on the studied population characteristics (age group, gender, country) and the previous coping capacity and resilience, and also to the lockdown conditions [ 2 , 3 , 4 ]. Among university students, it has been observed that the impact on their mental health was even greater [ 5 , 6 ], possibly since this is a population with high rates of psychological distress [ 7 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Evolution of Prevalence and Patterns of Cannabis Use among First-Year University Students in Spain—UniHcos Project

Botella-Juan

Amezcua-Prieto

Morales-Suárez-Varela

et al. 2022

IJERPH

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Among university students there has been evidence that the COVID-19 pandemic increased their psychological distress, exacerbated by social restrictions. The main objective of this study was to explore the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the prevalence and patterns of cannabis use among university students, in contrast to previous trends since 2012. Data from 10,522 first-year university students (73.3% female, Mage 19 (SD = 1.6)) from eleven Spanish universities collected between 2012 and May 2022 was analysed. Prevalences of cannabis use and their differences by sex were studied, as well as changes in patterns of use and its use for coping during the pandemic. It was found that during lockdown, all prevalence rates of cannabis use decreased in both sexes, showing no statistically significant differences and increasing again in the new normal period in both. Among regular cannabis users, 79.7% reported maintaining or increasing their cannabis use during the pandemic, and of these, half reported using cannabis to cope. Moreover, cannabis use in the usual household increased during the lockdown. These results show that although the overall prevalence of cannabis use was reduced during the lockdown, regular users tended to maintain or increase cannabis use. This could imply two different patterns of use among students, one social and occasional versus the other regular, providing new lines of research for prevention and the implementation of social policies.

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A systematic review of the mental health changes of children and young people before and during the COVID-19 pandemic

Cited by 228 publications

References 53 publications

Psychological Status of College Students During COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-Sectional Study in Saudi Arabia

Psychological Status of College Students During COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-Sectional Study in Saudi Arabia

Persistent anxiety among high school students: Survey results from the second year of the COVID pandemic

Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Evolution of Prevalence and Patterns of Cannabis Use among First-Year University Students in Spain—UniHcos Project

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