Resumo As propriedades estatísticas e geométricas de sistemas de fraturas foram obtidas através da aná1ise de imagens em mú1tiplas escala e dados de afloramentos, na Região do Cânion Guartelá, no centro-1este do estado do Paraná. Foram calculadas as distribuições estatísticas com os respectivos parâmetros dos principais atributos do conjunto de fraturas. Estes parâmetros foram utilizados como dados de entrada para a geração de modelos estocásticos 3-D através do método de "rede discreta de fraturas", implementado através do aplicativo FRED®. Para se estudar a persistência dos parâmetros estatísticos nas múltiplas escalas, foram utilizadas imagens de sensores remotos (SRTM, Landsat TM7 e fotos aéreas), cobrindo uma extensão que vai da escala de afloramentos ®oucos metros) até a escala de bacias (centenas de quilômetros). Os resultados obtidos indicaram a presença de distribuições estatísticas em lei-de-potência (fractal) para a distribuição espacial e de comprimentos de fraturas. Apesar de todos os conjuntos estudados apresentarem distribuições fi-actais, foram encontrados diferentes expoentes para diferentes escalas. As implicações do comportamento fi.actal para a geração de conjuntos de ffaturas discretas e, conseqüentemente, para a simulação das propriedades hidráulicas, são brevemente discutidas. Pcz/czvrczs-cãczve.. Aná1ise Fractal, Reservatórios Fraturados, Bacia do Paraná, DFN. A!hstrí+st Fractal properties of fi'actured scmdstones of the Guartelá Canyon, Paraná Basin-Brazz./. The statistical and geometrical properties of ffacture systems were obtained by analyzing remote sense images and outcrop data, in the Region of Guartelá Canyon, in the central-eastem of Paraná State. The probability distributions of fi-actures, with their parameters and attributes, were obtained through extensive statistical exploration of data. These parameters were used as input data for generating 3-D stochastic fi-actures models through the "discrete fi.acture network-DFN" method. The modeling is perfomed by using the code FRED®. To study the persistence of statistical parameters in multiple scales were used remote sensing images (SRTM, Landsat TM7 and aerial photos), covering a scale range from outcrops (few meters) to basin scales (hundreds of kilometers). The results indicated the presence of power-1aw (fi.actal) statistics for the spatial and size distributions. Fractals distributions were found for all sets studied, in some cases with different fi-actal exponents. The implications of ffactal behavior for the generation of discrete fracture network, and consequently for the hydraulic properties, are briefly discussed.
Fossils have great potential for elucidating and popularizing geosciences among all age groups. Brazil, due to its continental dimension and wide geodiversity, has many internationally important fossiliferous sites, which include rocks from the Pre-Cambrian to the Quaternary eras. Thus, in this study, we analyse the legislation and public policies related to the extraction, use, or protection of fossils and palaeontological sites in Brazil. This research examines the legal and infra-legal normative documents and numerous publications on the subject. Our results show that fossils are considered a heritage of the union, i.e. mineral heritage according to the mining code or, exceptionally, cultural heritage when they are related to human culture. Although the sale of fossils as a main product of mineral extraction is not regulated, it is possible and legal to sell material extracted from rocks formed basically by fossils. Hence, it is common to observe the use of such fossiliferous rocks as landfill, construction and paving materials, agricultural inputs, or other types of industrialized products. Mining and civil works, by exposing layers of fresh or slightly weathered rocks and expanding available observation areas, contribute to the advancement of palaeontological knowledge. Accordingly, we evaluate the absence of clear criteria for differentiating whether a fossil is a rare specimen or a common occurrence, entailing the necessity for the proposal of new norms for the preservation of Brazilian fossil heritage. Our study demonstrates that a new legal framework concerning the extraction of mineral resources is crucial to ensure a better preservation of Brazilian fossil heritage and to provide legal certainty for both professionals who research these natural assets and mining companies or those who develop construction projects in sedimentary basins.
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