Lobotomy and leucotomy were used in Brazilian mental institutions from 1936 to 1956. Also called psycho-surgeries, they were operations that separated the right and left frontal lobes and pre-frontal lobes from the rest of the brains, aiming at modifying behavior or curing mental diseases. The technique, created by the Portuguese neurologist Egas Moniz in 1935 and developed by Walter Freeman from the United States, arrived in Brazil through the hands of Aloysio Mattos Pimenta, neurologist from Hospital PsiquiátricoJuquely in São Paulo. Soon, many doctors followed suit. These procedures were used on more than a thousand in-patients aiming at not only healing results, but also the technical improvement of the surgical technique, since preliminary experiments with animals were quite rare at the time. In Brazil, the technique was used until 1956, when it was considered as going against the 1947 Nuremberg Code, whose objective was to detain and regulate the medical experiments with human beings made during the Second World War.
Neste artigo discutiremos como eram apreciadas as manifestações religiosas afro-descendentes pelas ciências psicológicas no Brasil, sob forte influência das teorias raciais e eugenia, na virada do século XIX-XX. In this article we will discuss how the afro-descending religious manifestations were viewed by the psychological sciences in Brazil, under the strong influence of the racial theories and eugenics, in the turning of the XIX-XX century
As teorias raciais chegaram ao Brasil por volta de 1869. Neste artigo procuramos demonstrar como estas teorias entraram no âmbito das ciências psicológicas e direcionaram conceitos e práticas. Foram analisados os anais da Sociedade Eugênica de São Paulo (1919) e os trabalhos apresentados no 1º Congresso Brasileiro de Eugenia (1929), que tiveram como meta "melhorar a raça nacional". Tanto aquela instituição quanto este evento científico contaram com a participação de psicólogos, psiquiatras e antropólogos que se aproximaram do racismo científico, muito difundido pelo mundo no início do século XX. Esta aproximação gerou uma "Psicologia Racial" no Brasil, a qual pretendia reduzir os saberes psicológicos a uma suposta problemática racial.
Atualmente ressurge uma tendência reducionista biológica no âmbito da psicanálise. Neste ensaio, apresentamos a forma como Freud empreendeu sua crítica contra essa concepção através de duas rupturas epistemológicas: a teoria sexual e a teoria dos sonhos.
Mestre e Doutor e Psicologia pela USP -RP. Psicólogo da Pró Reitoria de Assuntos
THE HYSTERIA IN THE FLESH, OF JULIO RIBEIRO AbstractThis paper analyzes the novel The flesh of Julio Ribeiro, from the perspective of freudian psychoanalysis. The book, a naturalistic novel published in 1888, criticizes the formation of gender roles in nineteenth-century culture and anticipates psychoanalytic ideas about sexuality and hysteria, which allows an interesting approach between literature and psychoanalysis. The analysis is focused on the development of the two central characters, Lenita and Manduca. We observed in Lenita a transformation of hysteria, first it appears like a illness, after to transgression and thence like a critique of sexuality and gender roles. The male anxieties and conflicts are marked by silence, a discursive failure which does not allow psychopathological ratings. At the end the hysteric Lenita interrupts a long cycle of compulsive repetition and Manduca linearly stay mute and succumbs. Returning to the beginning of psychoanalysis observe the same phenomenon: the difficulty, admitted by Freud, in exposing male hysteria.
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