Halal food is food in which its halalness status is regulated by a shariah institution, which is normally designated by the government. The halal status of food should be traced starting from raw materials, processing, packaging, transportation and distribution processes to end consumers. This is to make sure that halal food is free from any contamination that may change its halal status. The problem is the difficulty of tracing halal food along the supply chain as the supply chain information from the upstream to downstream in the food industry is not transparent. Currently, food tracking systems are a centralized system, where information about food status is only available to those who control the information. To improve the transparency of the food status and to increase trust from customers, a distributed and transparent system, where many parties can access the food status any time, is needed. Blockchain technology can be applied to help track the halalness status of food along its supply chain. As blockchain is inherently distributed and transparent, hence a distributed system can be developed by incorporating blockchain technology for tracking food status. This paper proposes a distributed system for tracing halal food along its supply chains using blockchain technology. This system is expected to support transparency, neutrality.
ABSTRAKAbu ketel industri gula memiliki kandungan silika yang dapat disintesis menjadi nanosilika dengan metode ultrasonikasi. Penambahan surfaktan pada sintesis nanosilika dengan metode ulttrasonikasi dapat mempengaruhi karakteristik nanosilika yang dihasilkan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melakukan sintesis nanosilika dengan metode ultrasonikasi dan mengetahui pengaruh penambahan surfaktan terhadap karakteristik nanosilika yang dihasilkan. Penelitian ini dibagi menjadi tiga tahap, yaitu (1) preparasi abu ketel menjadi abu tanur, (2) ekstraksi silika dari abu tanur,dan (3) sintesis nanosilika menggunakan metode ultrasonikasi dengan penambahan surfaktan PEG 6000 1:5, CMC 2,5% (b/b), CMC 5% (b/b), CMC 10%, (b/b) dan Tween 80 3% (b/v). Kadar silika dalam abu ketel dan abu tanursecara berturut-turut adalah 49,69% dan 78,75%. Nanosilika yang dihasilkan menggunakan metode ultrasonikasi memiliki ukuran keseragaman (PDI) sebesar 0,638, dan dengan penambahan surfaktan dapat meningkatkan nilai keseragaman partikel sampai 0,045 dan 0,047 pada penggunaan CMC 5 dan 2,5%. Penambahan surfaktan juga meningkatkan derajat kristalinitas dari 76,96% pada saat tanpa penambahan surfaktan sampai mencapai 84,04% dengan penambahan surfaktan CMC 10%. Ukuran kristal partikel nanosilika juga menjadi lebih kecil dengan penambahan CMC 10% yaitu sebesar 37,69 nm dari ukuran kristal 41,40 nm tanpa penambahan surfaktan. Penambahan konsentrasi CMC yang semakin tinggi akan meningkatkan derajat kristalinitas dan menurunkan ukuran kristal partikel nanosilika.Kata kunci : abu ketel, nanosilika, ultrasonikasi, surfaktan, derajat kristalinitas PENDAHULUANSilika adalah suatu polimer anorganik yang tersusun atas unsur silikon dan oksigen dengan rumus kimia SiO 2 . Silika merupakan suatu senyawa anorganik yang sering digunakan dalam kehidupan manusia karena memiliki banyak potensi pemanfaatan yang luas, seperti insulator termal, penyangga katalis, adsorben, penghantar obat, bahan pengisi pada gelas, kaca, dan bahan baku pembuatan sel surya (Gurav et al., 2009). Silika dapat disintesis dari berbagai sumber di alam, khususnya dari pertanian. Beberapa sumber silika dari kegiatan pertanian antara lain, seperti abu sekam padi (Thuadaij dan Nuntiya, 2008;Suka et al.,2008), abu cangkang sawit (Pausa et al.,2015), abu boiler dari industri pulp dan kertas (Purwati et al.,2007), dan abu ketel dari industri gula (Affandi et al.,2009).
Halal food is food in which its halalness status is regulated by a shariah institution, which is normally designated by the government. The halal status of food should be traced starting from raw materials, processing, packaging, transportation and distribution processes to end consumers. This is to make sure that halal food is free from any contamination that may change its halal status. The problem is the difficulty of tracing halal food along the supply chain as the supply chain information from the upstream to downstream in the food industry is not transparent. Currently, food tracking systems are a centralized system, where information about food status is only available to those who control the information. To improve the transparency of the food status and to increase trust from customers, a distributed and transparent system, where many parties can access the food status any time, is needed. Blockchain technology can be applied to help track the halalness status of food along its supply chain. As blockchain is inherently distributed and transparent, hence a distributed system can be developed by incorporating blockchain technology for tracking food status. This paper proposes a distributed system for tracing halal food along its supply chains using blockchain technology. This system is expected to support transparency, neutrality.
Metal coating wastes generally bring about environmental health problems resulting from liquid wastes that contain heavy metals. The waste processing carried out thus far does not solve the problems because it just move wastes to other media. Cleaner production comes to be an alternative in minimizing liquid wastes, for water consumption, and for raw material. The present research was intended to identify wastewater resulting from the production stage, get cleaner production opportunities that can be applied, and give priority to clean production opportunities. The research stages began with a quick scan to identify the sources of wastes in production process and to determine an alternative of cleaner production chance, and then an economic computation was done, including B/C ratio and payback period. The determination of the priority of cleaner production technique given to a company was conducted by using exponential comparison method. The results showed that liquid wastes were originated from the process of fat removing, metal coating and process of cleaning up the remaining oxides. Liquid waste or loss in the form of contaminated fat solvents, the quite great loss of water due to evaporation and leakage. Cleaner production opportunities that can be applied by modifying/adding tools so as to prevent alkali solutionfrom being contaminated, reducing evaporation and reducing leakages by good housekepping. Three opportunities for cleaner production obtained to have B/C Ratio of more than 1 is can be implemented. Based on the exponential comparison method, the main priority of cleaner production is found, that is pipe changes in the residual oxide cleaning process to avoid leakage, technically and operationally the easiest to implement and followed successively with modifiying/adding tools to process of fat removing and metal coating.
The Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) method was used to determine the amount of potential emissions generated from the production activities of the wafer biscuit. The objectives of this study were (1) to observe all of input and output of the production process, (2) to analyze the potential of environmental impacts, (3) and to provide alternative improvements in efforts to reduce the environmental impacts. The LCA method consisted of four stages: determination of goal and scope definition, inventory analysis, impact assessment analysis, and interpretation analysis. Based on observations of existing activities, the scope of this research was set for “gate to gate” and the impact analysis included global warming potential, eutrophication, and acidification. The results of the impact analysis showed that production of wafer biscuit produced greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of 1.5161 kg-CO2-eq/kg-product, acidification of 0.0115 kg-SO2-eq/kg-product, and eutrophication of 0.0131 kg-PO4 3−eq/kg-product. There were four alternative improvements that should be done to reduce environmental impacts; (1) the use of solar water heater which could decrease GHG emissions by 8%, acidification by 13%, and eutrophication by 0.56%, (2) replacement of refrigerant types could lower GHG emissions by 19%, acidification of 13%, and eutrophication of 0.57%, (3) reuse of cooling water reduced GHG emissions by 7%, acidification by 11%, and eutrophication by 32.21%, and (4) improvement in waste treatment would reduce emissions eutrophication as much as 83.86%.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.