Au Maroc, comme en Tunisie, l’intégration politique des deux principaux partis islamistes a donné lieu à un projet de « spécialisation » visant à introduire une distinction entre les activités partisanes et les activités associatives et de prédication. S’appuyant sur une mise en perspective des trajectoires du parti Ennahdha et du PJD marocain, cet article propose de mettre en évidence les différences dans les processus de « spécialisation » initiés par les deux partis. Cette transformation est analysée ici comme renvoyant à une séparation entre les militants politiques et les prédicateurs. Il s’agit de souligner les relations complexes entre le PJD et le MUR, ainsi qu’entre les militants d’Ennahdha et le milieu associatif à l’aune de la « spécialisation ». Il s’agit également de cerner le phénomène de circulation des membres des différentes organisations entre le domaine politique et la sphère de l’action sociale et religieuse. L’analyse fait ressortir que dans les deux cas étudiés la « spécialisation » ne conduit pas à une séparation effective entre l’action partisane et l’activité sociale et de prédication et n’élimine pas la porosité des frontières entre le politique et le religieux.
Based on empirical research, this article analyzes “the specialization” of the Moroccan Party for Justice and Development and the internal tensions between its political and religious vocations. The latter is one of the Islamist parties with the longest political experience in the Maghreb area which started its “professionalization” in politics at an early stage, at least since 1997–1998. However, little is known in the literature if this pragmatic decision led to the reformation of the movement’s classical ideology. In fact, the “inclusion-moderation hypothesis” showed that the institutionalization of the Islamists parties does not necessarily entail their ideological moderation. By analyzing the contradictions of the structural reform between the party and the Movement for Unity and Reform this article argues that some practices could question the “specialization” thesis. It highlights that despite the “specialization,” the pjd did not reform its core beliefs which are preserved for both religious and political reasons.
By putting in the Moroccan context the concept of ‘multiple secularities’, this paper digs the process of conceptualization of ‘secularization’ at the initiative of the Islamist leader, Saadeddine al-Othmani. The latter supported the acceptability of a secular principle adequate to religion, its symbols and their presence in the political and public space. Through the analysis of his writings as well as of other leaders’ discourses, this article follows the compromises between religious and secular revendications during the process of conceptualization inside the PJD-MUR. Using the theories of ‘secularization’ and ‘de-théologisation’, this study highlights the strategy of ‘rejection’ and ‘adaptation’ developed by the PJD. Rejecting the hypothesis of a linear secularization of Islamist ideology, it also examines the ongoing or incomplete structural mutations resulted from the ‘distinction’ ( tamiyyîz) between the party and the movement, as well as between the socio-political spheres.
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