The neonatal period is critical in the development of the microbiome and the gastrointestinal tract. That is, the microbiome regulates not only the processes that are associated with the basic functions of the gastrointestinal tract, but is associated with the content of vitamins and micronutrients, affects the development of the nervous and endocrine systems of newborns. Fortunately, microbiome and immunity of pregnant get ready the infant for his inevitable complications. Although preterm birth has been connected with bacterial colonization of the amniotic cavity for many years, the dogma of a sterile intrauterine environment during a normal pregnancy has appeared only recently. Numerous placental microbiome and the occurrence of microorganisms in the amniotic cavity in normal pregnancy was demonstrated by metagenomic sequencing. The occurrence of microorganisms in intestine got from the operating room during resection of intestinal abnormalities immediately after birth and before feeding was also found in neonates born by caesarean section. In this literature review, we explore the update understanding of microbial colonization of the intestine and foundation of function of the gastrointestinal tract. We discuss how mother’s genital and extragenital pathologies, her diet, lifestyle, taking drugs during pregnancy form the microbiome of the fetus and its further development in the neonatal period. Also, equally important for the establishment of the neonatal microbiome are gestational age, mode of delivery, type of feeding and medication, including antibiotics. Therefore, in our opinion, the comparison of microbiota of a full-term newborn in vaginal birth and an infant born prematurely or by cesarean section is clinically significant for physicians in various fields. The study of changes in the microbial composition of the intestine is an important step in the diagnosis of pathological conditions in this period.
Objective. The objective of the study was to determine the chances of a decrease in CBC cells when using antibiotics in newborns. Materials and methods. A total of 46 newborn infants who were hospitalized with the main diagnosis of hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy were examined. By gestational age, they belonged to the late-preterm and term groups. The newborns were divided into 2 subgroups. Group 1 – main group: 25 children who received antibiotics; group 2 – control group: 21 children who did not receive antibiotics. Group 1 was divided into 2 subgroups: Group 1a, 16 newborns who received 1 antibiotic and Group 1b, 9 newborns who received 2 antibiotics. Antibiotics were administered at age-related doses, intravenously, including semi-synthetic penicillins, cephalosporins, aminoglycosides, carbapenems, glycopeptides. The features of the analysis of blood (CBC) were studied. Results. It was noted that in terms of general characteristics, the newborns of the main and control groups were comparable. When comparing the mean values of blood counts, a significant decrease in erythrocytes, leukocytes and erythrocytes was revealed in the group of newborns who received antibiotics in comparison with the control group. The absolute number of neutrophils was significantly lower in the group of newborns who received 2 antibiotics vs. the control group. The odds ratio calculation showed an increased risk of a decrease in cell levels with antibiotic therapy prescribed. Leukocytes were found to have the greatest chances of decreasing from the normative level – by 5.34 times, as well as erythrocytes – by 3.56 times. The absolute number of neutrophils decreased with the greatest chances when 2 antibiotics were administered – by 22 times. Conclusions. In general, the antibiotic therapy leads to a decrease in the number of erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets. This was most noted for leukocytes and erythrocytes. The absolute neutrophil count decreased most significantly with 2 antibiotics used.
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