This chapter reviews the issue of overweight management, which is one of the major challenges faced by most countries today. The causes of obesity include genetic and epigenetic factors, a lack of physical activity, eating disorders, and gut microbiota status. Physical exercise is the main means of prevention and management of overweight and obesity. The effectiveness of exercise programs for obese people typically varies around 80%, but it can be increased by taking into account biochemical, genetic, epigenetic, and microbiome markers, which allows choosing the most appropriate type of exercise according to individual characteristics. The pathogenetic preconditions for reducing exercise tolerance were examined based on the existing imbalance of adipokines, cytokines, and incretins. The association between genotype and weight loss induced by different diets and types of exercise was discussed along with obesity epigenetic markers. The effects of dietary choice on the microbiome composition and its contribution to the development of systemic inflammation in obese people were assessed. The weight management exercise program for middle-aged women was presented. The structure and value of the factors that determine the physical condition of overweight middle-aged women were described. These data provide the basis for designing a sound exercise program for weight management.
The objective of this study was to identify informative anthropometric and functional indicators for design- ing self-training exercise programs for middle-aged obese women. The study involved 105 women with an average age of 38.9 and was conducted at the Scientific Research Institute of NUPESU. The physical fitness profile of the middle-aged overweight and obese women was assessed by use of factor analysis. The dom- inant factor was the anthropometric status (42.1% of the total variance) and included 14 indicators. The second factor (21.2% of the total variance) included ten indicators characterising functional state of the cardiorespiratory system. The third and fourth factors (18.1% of the total variance) included eight indica- tors characterising physical fitness and coordination abilities. Five indicators were selected based on the factor analysis: waist circumference, abdominal circumference, waist to hip circumference ratio, adaptation potential, and VO 2 max. Correlation analysis performed to verify the informative value of the selected mark- ers showed that the waist circumference significantly correlated with 28 studied indicators; the abdominal circumference correlated with 29 indicators; the waist to hip circumference ratio correlated with 24 indica- tors of physical condition; the adaptation potential correlated with 24 indicators; and VO 2 max significantly correlated with 18 indicators. Informative markers selected based on the factor and correlation analyses can be used for designing and assessing the effectiveness of physical exercise programs for middle-aged overweight and obese women.
The aim was to assess the impact of the program of individual preventive and health-enhancing exercise classes on the improvement of physical condition in middle-aged overweight women. Material and methods: theoretical analysis of special scientific and methodological literature; anthropometric, physiological, and pedagogical methods; and the methods of mathematical statistics. The study involved 62 middle-aged women with an average age of 38.5 years. The duration of the transformative pedagogical experiment was nine months. Results. In women, there were statistically significant (p <0.05; p <0.01) improvements in blood pressure, lung vital capacity, and heart rate recovery after dynamic exercise, which characterize the work of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems. An increase in the mean group value of maximum oxygen consumption by 10.8% indicated an increase in the level of physical performance in the women. After the nine-month program, there were significant changes (p <0.05; p <0.01) in the values of the indicators that characterize the level of physical health of middle-aged women. The quantitative score of the participants of the experiment improved by 40.3% (p <0.001) and corresponded to the “average level” according to the gradation scale of physical health. At the end of the pedagogical experiment, significant changes were observed (p <0.05; p <0.01) in the mean group results of exercise tests compared to the beginning of the experiment. In women, there were improvements under the influence of health-enhancing exercises in static balance (by 62.7% and 44.2%), muscle endurance (by 38.7%), flexibility (by 24.1%), strength (by 21.6%), and endurance (by 6.0%). Conclusions. Assessment of the proposed program showed its positive effects and effectiveness. The results of the study can be useful for fitness professionals when designing individual health-enhancing fitness programs focused on improving physical condition in middle-aged overweight women.
Metabolic syndrome (MS) is characterized by disorders of carbohydrate and fat metabolism, which can lead to the development of cardiac autonomic neuropathy (CAN). Heart rate variability (HRV) analysis is used to assess the state of autonomic regulation. A decrease in HRV indicates unfavourable changes in autonomic regulation and the development of CAN. The purpose of this study was to compare HRV parameters in patients with metabolic syndrome and healthy individuals without signs of MS. We examined 74 patients with metabolic syndrome (mean age 54.4 ± 1.1 years) and 61 healthy subjects (without signs of MS) (mean age 57.0 ± 1.6 years). The results of the study indicate a significant decrease in HRV in people with MS. However, they had significantly lower values of the SDNN index (by 26%), which characterizes the overall power of neurohumoral regulation of heart rate. Differences in the indicators characterizing short-term, vagal influences were especially pronounced: in patients with MS, RMSSD (by 44%) and HF (by 69%) were lower than in controls. The activity of the baroreflex center of the medulla oblongata, assessed by the spectral power of low-frequency waves (LF), was 55% lower in patients with MS compared to controls. There were no significant differences in the mean duration of the R-R interval, the spectral power of very low frequency (VLF) waves, or the ratio of the spectral powers of low and high frequencies (LF/HF, LFn, HFn) in patients with MS compared to controls. No significant shift in the autonomic balance towards sympathicotonia was found in patients with MS. The analysis of variance confirmed the significant effect of the metabolic syndrome factor on HRV. Thus, the data obtained indicate the development of CAN in people with metabolic syndrome, which is an unfavourable prognostic sign. To assess the effect of MS on the rate of ageing, the biological age (BA) of the examined people with MS was calculated. The formula for calculating BA was obtained on a group of people without MS. The method of multiple stepwise regression was used. The ageing rate was calculated as the difference between biological and chronological age (CA). The average BA in the group of people with MS was 63,20 ± 1,81 years, and in the control group – 53.99 ± 1.71 years (p< 0.05). The difference between BA and CA is 8,81 ± 0,94 years in the group of people with MS and -1.01 ± 0.61 in the control group (p< 0.05). From this we can conclude that MS can be a factor accelerating ageing. _________________________________________________________________________________________ Keywords: metabolic syndrome, heart rate variability, biological age
The paper addresses the effects of independent preventive and health-enhancing exercise classes on the indicators of morphological status in middle-aged overweight women.The objective of the study was to examine the effects of independent preventive and healthenhancing exercise classes on the indicators of morphological status in middle-aged overweight women. Methods. The following methods were used: theoretical analysis of special scientific and methodological literature; anthropometric and pedagogical methods; and the methods of mathematical statistics. The study involved 62 middle-aged women with an average age of 38.5 years. The duration of the transformative pedagogical experiment was nine months. Results of the study. During the pedagogical experiment, significant changes occurred in the morpho-functional status of the women. The most significant changes occurred in the following indicators: waist circumference decreased by 18.4% (p <0.01);
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.