The taxonomic position of a novel actinomycete, strain RC 1831 T , isolated from the sediment of a fish dumping yard at Barkul village near Chilika Lake, Odisha, India, was determined by a polyphasic approach. Based on morphological and chemotaxonomic characteristics the isolate was determined to belong to the genus Streptomyces. The phylogenetic tree based on its nearly complete 16S rRNA gene sequence (1428 nt) with representative strains showed that the strain consistently falls into a distinct phyletic line together with Streptomyces glaucosporus DSM 41689 T (98.22 % similarity) and a subclade consisting of Streptomyces atacamensis DSM 42065 T (98.40 %), Streptomyces radiopugnans R97 DSM 41901 T (98.27 %), Streptomyces fenghuangensis GIMN4.003 T (98.33 %), Streptomyces nanhaiensis DSM 41926 T (98.13 %), Streptomyces megasporus NBRC 14749 T (97.37 %) and Streptomyces macrosporus NBRC 14748 T (98.22 %). However, the levels of DNA-DNA relatedness between strain RC 1831 T and phylogenetically related strains Streptomyces atacamensis DSM 42065 T (28.75±3.25 %) and Streptomyces glaucosporus DSM 41689 T (15±2.40 %) were significantly lower than the 70 % threshold value for delineation of genomic species. Furthermore, the isolate could be distinguished phenotypically on the basis of physiological, morphological and biochemical differences from its closest phylogenetic neighbours and other related reference strains. Strain RC 1831 T is therefore considered to represent a novel species of the genus Streptomyces, for which the name Streptomyces barkulensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is RC 1831 T (5JCM 18754 T 5DSM 42082 T ).
Assessing and managing nitrogen sustainably is imperative for achieving the 17 UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) targeted for 2030. South Asian countries, aware of the environmental and health impacts of nitrogen pollution, regionally as well as globally, piloted the 2019 UN resolution on Sustainable Nitrogen Management, calling for urgent policy action. This paper assists South Asia policy development by providing new insights into nitrogen-related policies in the region; it makes a step-change advance on an existing global analysis and database. We built on available methods to better identify, classify and analyse 966 nitrogen-related policies for the region. We compared the global and regional nitrogen policy landscapes to explain the benefits of a deeper policy assessment. The policies we classified as having ‘higher’ relevance – those with direct reference to nitrogen and/or its potential impacts – represent the current nitrogen policy landscape for South Asia. We show that a small proportion of policies (9%) consider multiple pollution sources, sectors, nitrogen threats and impacts, with integrative policy instruments. 5% of policies also consider both non-point and point sources of pollution, representing standout policies. More such policies with an integrated approach are vital in addressing the complexities of nitrogen pollution. Adapting existing and drafting new policies are both required to deal with other current and emerging nitrogen issues. Our analysis provides evidence for a roadmap for sustainable nitrogen policy in South Asia and beyond and supports efforts to reduce the threats posed by nitrogen pollution to achieve the SDGs.
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