Background and Objectives:Renal stone disease is a common disorder of the urinary tract and also a significant problem because of incidence, recurrence, and severe consequences. The complex pathogenetic mechanisms of renal stone formation involve both biologic and environmental risk factors. The present study was performed to identify the role of these parameters among renal stone patients and normal individuals from a coastal union territory region in South India.Methods:The authors conducted a case–control study of renal stone disease among outpatient department patients more than 30 years of age using systematic random sampling procedure with 100 study participants (50 subjects for each group). A questionnaire to explore some relevant history as well as to note general examination findings was used along with a house visit to collect a sample of water. Analysis was undertaken using appropriate statistical techniques.Results:The study showed statistically significant association for renal stones with female sex, illiteracy, body mass index (BMI) (>25 kg/m2), sodium (>50 mg/L), water consumption (<1.5 L/day), water source being borewell, consuming soft drink, sedentary work, and family history of renal stones. The adjusted odds ratios (ORs) were significantly higher for consuming soft drink (OR: 8.19; 95% confidence interval: 1.99–33.69), sedentary work (10.01; 1.27–78.91), and water consumption < 1.5 L/day (7.73; 2.24–26.69).Interpretation and Conclusions:We conclude that in this part of India, female gender, illiteracy, high BMI, high sodium in drinking water, inadequate water consumption, borewell drinking water, soft-drink consumption, sedentary work, and family history of renal stones can lead to a significant increase in the risk of renal stone disease.
Age-specific Behavioural Change Communication strategies aimed at refining user outlook are imperative; tailored to sociodemographic milieu of user/victim. Incorporation of a dynamic feedback/reporting mechanism, creation of 'armed forces-specific road safety and injury prevention policy' and safety audits on injuries and road crashes are measures in this direction.
The new benchmarks set in the form of high crew awareness levels on basic shipboard habitability specifications and its significant association with standards needs to be sustained. It entails re-iteration of healthy habitation essentials into training; and holds the key to a fit fighting force.
BACKGROUND Non communicable diseases such as diabetes mellitus (mainly Type 2) continue to form a significant proportion of disease burden worldwide, be it in terms of morbidity, mortality or socio-economic impact. The problem of Type 2 DM is more severe in developing nations such as India, with a predominantly younger and middle age population structure. Urbanization and globalization have made a telling impact, mainly on the lifestyle practices of urban school going adolescents, thereby rendering them a crucial subset in the epidemiology of Type 2 DM. Selected studies on T2DM amongst adolescent school students in urban settings were compared and summarized through open access internet search. The Medical Subject Heading (MeSH) Search terms thus used were ‘diabetes mellitus, Type 2, adolescent, urban, school going’. These terms were used in different permutations and combinations using AND / OR methodology by Boolean search. Existing hypotheses, theories and models for DM type 2 epidemiology in this setting as per scientific body of evidence were used as baseline templates for this purpose. The results arrived at through this methodology were collated both on qualitative and quantitative levels-terms. This review found that prevalence of T2DM amongst urban school-going adolescents in India is on the rise and knowledge-attitude-practices with respect to the condition per se, its features and preventive modalities, are just adequate. Recommendations: Large scale awareness creation for lifestyle modification on a community level (by harnessing latest technology), coupled with widespread availability of facilities for timely screening, early diagnosis and comprehensive management, will enable stemming the tide. KEYWORDS Diabetes mellitus (Type 2), Urban, School-Going, Adolescents, Lifestyle Factors
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