BACKGROUND: Cannabis (Cannabis sativa L.) is one of the most controversial plants. So far, its multiple application in industry for the production of fabrics, paper and construction materials is known. Today, there is increasing interest in its application for medical purposes, as opposed to its opiate activity. In addition to well-known cannabinoids, the presence of polyphenolic compounds and their antioxidant and reductive abilities are of great importance. Therefore the extraction of both constituents, polyphenolics and cannabinoids ( 9 -tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD)), of industrial hemp was carried out using microwave-assisted extraction (MAE). RESULTS: The effects of different extraction parameters, namely ethanol concentration (30, 50 and 70% v/v), extraction time(10, 20 and 30 min) and solid/liquid ratio (5, 10 and 15 g mL −1 ), on extraction yield, total phenol content, total flavonoid content, antioxidant activity, reductive capacity, CBD content and THC content were investigated using response surface methodology. For the experimental design, a Box-Behnken design was chosen. In the obtained extracts, the following ranges of targeted compounds were detected: total phenols from 0.8499 to 2.7060 mg gallic acid equivalent mL −1 , total flavonoids from 0.4707 to 1.4246 mg catechin equivalent mL −1 , THC from 0.0339 to 0.0637 mg mL −1 and CBD from 0.2243 to 1.8415 mg mL −1 . Antioxidant activity ranged from 0.0009 to 0.2079 mL mL −1 , while reductive capacity ranged from 0.0021 to 0.0066 mL mL −1 .CONCLUSION: MAE proved to be a simple, efficient, fast and low environmental impact method for obtaining polyphenols and cannabinoids from C. sativa L. Cannabis herb, which presents a by-product of fiber and cannabis product, showed to be a promising source of bioactive compounds. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Model fittingAccording to the literature, C. sativa has been mostly extracted by conventional extraction methods by application of different J Chem Technol Biotechnol 2020; 95: 831-839
In this study, water and various concentrations of ethanol in water (30%, 50%, 70%, and 90%) were used as a solvent in the extraction of two different samples of hemp (Cannabis sativa L.). The extraction yield, total phenols content, total flavonoids content, antioxidant activity, and reductive capacity were determined in the obtained extracts. The extraction yield was from 8.16 to 19.56%, the content of total phenols was in the range from 5.85 to 17.05 mg GAE/g dw, and content of total flavonoids was in the range from 5.85 to 9.25 mg CE/g dw. Antioxidant activity was tested by DPPH assay and EC 50 values were from 0.1331 to 0.7563 mg/mL, while EC 50 values obtained by reducing power test ranged from 0.4450 to 1.1980 mg/mL. Ethanol/water mixture (50%) was determined to be the best solvent for the extraction of phenolic compounds from both hemp samples. Total phenols content in 50% ethanolic extracts were 17.05 mg/g dw and 9.25 mg/g dw for young and mature hemp, respectively.
Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) was one of the earliest domesticated plant species. Biological classification (taxonomy or systematization) manifests evolutional relationships between taxons according to trait similarities. When it comes to taxonomy, hemp is one of the most controversial plant species due to significant effects of environmental conditions on hemp phenology and expression of quantitative traits as well as different levels of gender expression observed in hemp plants. Controversial taxonomy of hemp has gone through several phases throughout history. The attitude on the number of species within the genus Cannabis and the criteria used in taxonomic units division were under dispute. Initially focused on morphological characteristics and geographical origin, the approach was greatly amended by the development of molecular and biochemical techniques. The main cause of taxonomic uncertainties is the inbreeding ability of all wild Cannabis populations, resulting in continual variability of quantitative traits. The aim of the paper is to review the history of Cannabis classification including different approaches to this scientific issue.
The purpose of this paper was to compare quality of seeds of two black and yellow soybean and the response of plants developed from these seeds to oxidative stress during vegetation and reproduction period. Content of carbohydrates: cellulose, starch, total and reduced sugars, as well as oil and protein content varied among all varieties, irrespective the colour. Bearing in mind all differences in seed quality, as well as response to oxidative stresses during development, black cultivars could be proposed as an excellent source of phenolic compounds (flavan-3-ols, antocyanins, genistein, glycitein, quercetin, laricitrin and isorhamnetin derivatives). Due to extreme fluctuation in precipitation amounts in the last years, information on the better performance of soybean varieties in oxidative stress conditions is of great importance to organic and conventional production of this cultivar.
The experiments showing the effect of drip irrigation on yield and evapotranspiration of fibre hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) were conducted at the experimental field of the Alternative Crops Department, Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops, Novi Sad, Serbia. Irrigation was based on the water balance method. Daily evapotranspiration (ETd) was computed from the reference evapotranspiration (ETo) and crop coefficient (kc) 0.5, 0.9 and 1.1 from sowing to 3-4 pair of leaves, from 3-4 pair of leaves to appearance of male flowers and from appearance of male flowers to the end of the season, respectively. ETo was calculated using Hargreaves equation. The irrigation depth was restricted to the soil depth of 0.4 m. In other words, irrigation started when readily available water in the soil layer of 0.4 m was completely depleted by plants. The irrigation rate was 30 mm at the beginning of the season, 40 mm in the middle of the season, and the amount of water added by irrigation was 320 mm during the entire season. Irrigation significantly affected the yield of fresh stems, fresh leaves, flowers and plant height, but not stem diameter and fibre content. Water used on evapotranspiration in irrigation conditions (ETm) was 470 mm, while in non-irrigated control variant it amounted to 129 mm (ETa). These preliminary results could be used as a good platform for hemp growers in the region, in terms of optimizing the use of irrigation water.
investigated parameters, and to distinguish those with the most important contribution to the pumpkin variability. The analysis revealed strong correlations among yield per plant, fruit weight and length of the main stem. Carotenoids content and pH also correlated to yield, while the other quality parameters correlated to each other. Defining both first and second principal components, yield per plant and fruit weight were the parameters with the highest contribution to the variability among the assessed pumpkins. Concerning quality parameters, fruit flesh dry weight contributed the most to the variability. Therefore, the strategy for breeding Hokkaido type pumpkins adapted to Serbian environmental conditions should be based on combining irrespectively selected high-yield and high-quality accessions.
The purpose of this study is to compare the yields and yield components of 3 winter small grain cereals (wheat ('NS 40S'), oat ('NS Jadar') and rye ('NS Savo')) grown in conventional and organic production systems. The experiment was conducted as a block design with three replicates at the Bački Petrovac experiment field of the Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops in 2016/2017. The fertilization of conventional cereals examined was based on mineral fertilization, whereas foliar fertilizers with green microalgae (Chlorella vulgaris) were applied in the organic production system. The results obtained indicate differences in the number of organic and conventional plants per m 2 , particularly in the instance of winter wheat (277/m 2 in the organic production system and 545/m 2 in conventional production system). Relative to all the cereals observed, significantly higher grain yields per ha were determined in the conventional production system as a result of the mineral nitrogen addition. The research has shown that soil fertility and cultural practices play a decisive role in realizing the full yield potential of winter small grain cereals cultivated in the organic farming system.
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