One of the important aspects in determining the competitiveness of an automotive product is the traction ability or performance, the vehicle's ability to accelerate, wind resistance, rolling resistance, against the force of the ramp, and the capacity to pull a load. The size of traction for any level of gear and vehicle speed that can be achieved can be controlled by adjusting the ratio and transmission rate. Transmission ratio affects the amount of torque that can be transmitted, while the number of speed levels affects the fineness of the process of transmission and transformation of power in the transmission system. To find a gear ratio between the lowest and highest transmission rate is by geometric progression. The basis of the use of this method is to get the ratio and amount of gear transmission rate of speed at the same engine operating speed so that fuel economy will be the same on each transmission. Modified gear ratio produce traction curve where the distance curve closer adjacent transmission. This indicates a loss of power transmission shifting is getting smaller or in other words the better traction performance. The design of the installation ratio 6-speed, generating traction curve with the distance between the curve near the sting traction, produces good traction or good performance.
Rangka merupakan bagian yang paling penting dari sebuah konstruksi dimana kekuatan rangka sangat ditentukan dari bentuk dan dimensi. Kekuatan rangka pada konstruksi harus memenuhi aspek keamanan serta harus memperhatikan faktor kekuatan rangka itu sendiri. Menghitung kekuatan rangka dari alat pembuat briket sampah organik dilakukan dengan menggunakan cara simulasi untuk mengetahui kekuatan rangka dalam menerima beban. Simulasi yang dilakukan dengan menggunakan software SolidWorks 19 dengan pembebanan statis, dan dengan variasi beban 110 kg dan 4500 kg dengan menggunakan material baja tipe ASTM A36. Proses simulasi yang telah dilakukan dengan pembebanan 110 kg nilai tegangan maksimum sebesar 6.66046 N/mm2 (Mpa), nilai displacement maksimum sebesar 0.0114 mm, nilai strain maksimum sebesar 0.0000167973 mm, dan nilai safety factor minimal sebesar 38. Dengan pembebanan 4500 kg nilai tegangan maksimum sebesar 248.26596 N/mm2 (Mpa), nilai displacement maksimum sebesar 0.4231 mm, nilai strain maksimum sebesar 0.0006269075 mm, dan nilai safety factor minimal sebesar 1. Pembebanan 110 kg rangka masih dapat menahan beban dan nilai stress masih jauh dari standar yield strength material ASTM A36 sebesar 250 Mpa. Terdapat perubahan bentuk rangka saat dilakukan pembebanan tetapi masih bersifat elastis, pada pembebanan 4500 kg rangka tidak dapat menahan beban dan nilai stress mendekati standar yield strength material ASTM A36 sebesar 250 Mpa. Hasil simulasi menunjukkan bahwa rangka alat pembuat briket sampah organik dengan beban 110 kg dan dengan material Baja tipe ASTM A36 mampu menahan beban dengan lebih baik. Dibandingkan dengan beban 4500 kg dan dengan material yang sama. The frame is the most important part of a construction where the strength of the frame is very much determined from the shape and dimensions. The strength of the frame in construction must fulfill the safety aspect and pay attention to the strength factor of the frame itself. Calculating the strength of the frame from the organic waste briquette maker is done by using a simulation method to see the strength of the frame in receiving the load. Simulations carried out using solidWorks 19 software with static loading with a load variation of 110kg and 4500 kg using ASTM A36. The simulation process that has been carried out with a load of 110 kg with a maximum stress value of 6.66046 N / mm2 (Mpa), a maximum displacement value of 0.0114 mm, a maximum strain value of 0.0000167973 mm, and a minimum safety factor value of 38. At the load of 4500 kg the maximum stress value is 248.26596 N/mm2 (Mpa), the maximum displacement value is 0.4231 mm, the maximum strain value is 0.0006269075 mm, and the safety factor value is at least 1. A load of 110 kg the frame can still with stand the load and the stress value is still far from the standard yield strength material ASTM A36 of 250 Mpa. There is a change in the shape of the frame when it is charged but still elastic, at the load of 4500 kg the frame cannot with stand the load and the stress value is close to the standard yield strength material ASTM A36 of 250 Mpa. Simulation results showed that the frame of the organic waste briquette making tool with a load of 110 kg and with steel material type ASTM A36 is able to with stand the load better. Compared to a load of 4500 kg and with the same material.
Conventional anaerobic digester such as fixed dome and floating drum are found having drawback in application in developing country. It was difficult in maintenance and operation. It was also difficult to relocate to the new site of waste processing. The portable anaerobic digester is prepared in this work as a solution. The capacity is about 500 liter so that suitable for home scale organic waste treatment. The material that is used for the digester was 304 stainless steel. The digester is completed wit agitator to optimize the biogas production. A slurry of cow dung (50% cow dung+ 50% water) is use to feed the digester. There are 2 variations of slurry loading rate that were investigated in this work, namely 5 liter slurry/day and 10 liter slurry/day. The biogas production rate is found about 51.7 liter biogas/day if loading with 5 liter slurry/ day. The biogas production rate is found increase significantly to become 82 liter biogas/day if loading with 10 liter slurry/day. The quality of biogas is found better with loading rate 5 liter slurry/day which has average CH4 content about 58.75% vol. comparing the one with loading rate 10liter slurry/day that have average CH4 content about 56.40% vol., 0 (201 Web of Conferences
Air pollution has become an environmental problem since it poses a serious effect on human health. In addition, circulation of air containing airborne particles including pathogens in an enclosed building like a hospital may lead to more severe health effects. Therefore, an air purifier is needed to prevent the spreading of those particles through air circulation. To address the issue, an antimicrobial membrane was prepared by embedding ZnO nanoparticles onto hollow fiber polypropylene (PP) membrane. Results showed that the prepared PP/ZnO membrane had a high air filtration performance as well as antibacterial properties. The membrane also showed a high filtration capacity or permeability with a relatively low-pressure drop. With those interesting features, the newly developed PP/ZnO membrane can be applied in air filtration, in particular for indoor spaces and other medical applications.
Pada penelitian ini, komposit hibrida sebagai adsorbsi dan absorpsi polutan pada air permukaan telah dibuat. Komposisi hibrida terdiri dari batu basalt (BB) dan moringa oleifera (MO) sebagai pengisi dan tepung lengket (TL) sebagai matrik. Komposisi fraksi berat yaitu 40 wt% pengisi dan 60 wt% matrik telah diaplikasikan. Proses pencetakan panas (hot-press) telah digunakan untuk memproduksi komposit hibrida masing-masing variasi dengan melalui suhu 200° Celcius dan tekanan 2000 psi. Tujuan penelitian menginovasi kemampuan bahan dalam fungsi sebagai penyerap dan pengikat polutan pada air permukaan. Perendaman komposit hibrida selama 14 hari pada air permukaan telah dilakukan untuk menguji sifat adsorpsi dan absorpsi. Turbidity dilakukan untuk menentukan nilai kekeruhan dan nilai kandungan micro-organisme pada air permukaan sebelum dan setelah penambahan komposit hibrida. Hasil pengujian ditunjukan pertambahan paling tinggi yaitu pada spesimen dengan komposisi 40% batu basalt dan 60% tepung lengket dengan pertambahan berat sebesar 21,11 gram selama 336 jam dan paling kecil pada spesimen dengan komposisi 40% moringa oleifera dan 60% tepung lengket dengan pertambahan berat sebesar 4,15 gram selama 336 jam. Pada air dilakukan pengujian terhadap kekeruhan, pH dan bakteri pada air setelah dilakukan pengujian, dimana hasil pada spesimen dengan komposisi 40% moringa oleifera dan 60% tepung dapat mengurangi bakteri coliform sebesar 78,6%. hybrid composition is consisted of basalt and moringa oleifera with filler wood flour as a matrix. The composition of heavy fractions is 40 wt% filler and 60 wt% matrix has been applied. The hot-press process has been used to produce hybrid composites of each variation through a temperature of 200° Celsius and a pressure of 2000 psi. The purpose of this research is to inovate the ability of materials to function as absorbent and as binder of pollutants in surface water. Immersion of hybrid composites for 14 days in surface water has been carried out to test the characteristic of adsorption and absorption. Turbidity is done to determine the turbidity value and the value of micro-organism content in surface water before and after the addition of hybrid composites. The test results showed the highest increase in the specimens with a composition of 40% basalt stone and 60% sticky flour with a weight gain of 21.11 grams for 336 hours and the smallest in specimens with a composition of 40% moringa oleifera and 60% wood flour with weight gain amounting to 4.15 grams for 336 hours. In the water testing of turbidity, pH and bacteria on water after testing, the results on specimens with a composition of 40% moringa oleifera and 60% wood flour can reduce coliform bacteria by 78.6%.
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