Objective: Time perception is fundamental for human experience. A topic which has attracted the attention of researchers for long time is how the stimulus sensory modality (e.g., images vs. sounds) affects time judgments. However, so far, no study has directly compared the effect of two sensory modalities using emotional stimuli on time judgments.Methods: In the present two studies, healthy participants were asked to estimate the duration of a pure sound preceded by the presentation of odors vs. emotional videos as priming stimuli (implicit emotion-eliciting task). During the task, skin conductance (SC) was measured as an index of arousal.Results: Olfactory stimuli resulted in an increase in SC and in a constant time overestimation. Video stimuli resulted in an increase in SC (emotional arousal), which decreased linearly overtime. Critically, video stimuli resulted in an initial time underestimation, which shifted progressively towards a time overestimation. These results suggest that video stimuli recruited both arousal-related and attention-related mechanisms, and that the role played by these mechanisms changed overtime.Conclusions: These pilot studies highlight the importance of comparing the effect of different kinds on temporal estimation tasks, and suggests that odors are well suited to investigate arousal-related temporal distortions, while videos are ideal to investigate both arousal-related and attention-related mechanisms.
We aimed to investigate associations between serum thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) levels and both severity and outcome after ischemic stroke (IS). A total of 731 patients consecutive IS patients were enrolled (mean age 69.4 ± 15.4, 61.6% men), and serum TSH levels were measured at admission and analyzed according to the tertiles of their distribution (<0.822 vs. 0.822-1.6 vs. >1.6 mUI/l). Associations between TSH and both severity at admission (National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) scores <5 vs. ≥5) and functional outcome at discharge assessed by the modified Rankin Scale were analyzed using logistic regression and ordinal logistic regression models, respectively. High TSH levels were independently associated with both a decreased risk of NIHSS score ≥5 at admission (prevalence proportion ratio = 0.62; 95% CI 0.41-0.94, p = 0.024 for tertile 3 vs. tertile 1). In addition, patients with high TSH levels had a better functional outcome at discharge (OR 0.43; 95% CI 0.30-0.60, p < 0.001 for tertile 2 vs. tertile 1; OR 0.39; 95% CI 0.27-0.56, p < 0.001 for tertile 3 vs. tertile 1). The mechanisms underlying these associations and their potential exploitation in terms of therapeutic strategies need to be explored.
The implementation of a regional telemedicine network for the management of acute ischemic stroke appeared to be effective and safe. Thanks to this network, the proportion of patients who benefit from thrombolysis will increase. Further research is needed to evaluate economic benefits.
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