Employee silence, the withholding of work-related ideas, questions, or concerns from someone who could effect change, has been proposed to hamper individual and collective learning as well as the detection of errors and unethical behaviors in many areas of the world. To facilitate cross-cultural research, we validated an instrument measuring four employee silence motives (i.e., silence based on fear, resignation, prosocial, and selfish motives) in 21 languages. Across 33 countries (N = 8,222) representing diverse cultural clusters, the instrument shows good psychometric properties (i.e., internal reliabilities, factor structure, and measurement invariance). Results further revealed similarities and differences in the prevalence of silence motives between countries, but did not necessarily support cultural stereotypes. To explore the role of culture for silence, we examined relationships of silence motives with the societal practices cultural dimensions from the GLOBE Program. We found relationships between silence motives and power distance, institutional collectivism, and KNOLL ET AL.

The objective of this study was to examine the perception of confl ict between work and family roles and job, family, and life satisfaction among nurses in Croatia. One hundred and twenty-nine nurses (married mothers) working in hospitals in Zadar, Šibenik, and Split were divided in four groups according to their worktime schedule. The participants completed a survey, which included a set of sociodemographic-type questions, questions about the level and allocation of family responsibilities between spouses, and scales measuring the perceived negative effects of worktime, psychological demands of the work, work-family confl ict, and semantic differential scales for measuring the affective and cognitive-evaluative component of job, family, and life satisfaction. This was the fi rst study in Croatia to deal with work-family confl ict among nurses or workers with different shift systems. The results of this study indicate that nurses working morning shifts only experienced less confl ict between work and family than other groups of nurses, who worked the morning, afternoon, and the night shift. The cognitive-evaluative component of job satisfaction was the highest among morning shift nurses and the lowest in nurses who worked 12-hour shifts, while the affective component of life satisfaction was the lowest in nurses working irregular and backward rotated shifts. These results confi rm that shiftwork makes the work-family role confl ict even worse. They also support the view that the type of shift rotation matters. Arh Hig Rada Toksikol 2012;63:189-197 Women and worktime stress Although the number of working women is increasing and attitudes about gender roles are changing, the society still expects women to take responsibility for most childcare and household tasks (1). Research results show that women indeed see themselves as more responsible for the family domain than men (2). This "woman's work" often takes priority over other duties and can not be delayed (3). Studies show that levels of stress hormones such as epinephrine, norepinephrine, and cortisol remain high in women after the work day is over, women with children in particular (4). Certain types of work schedules can be a signifi cant stressor for a working mother. For example, shift work has been shown to have negative effects on physical health, sleep quality, and mental health (5-7). KEY WORDS: family satisfaction, job satisfaction, life satisfaction, nursing, shiftwork, work-family confl ict Šimunić A, Gregov Lj. WORK AND FAMILY CONFLICT IN CROATIAN NURSES

Background and Aims: The COVID-19 pandemic has led to radical and unexpected changes in everyday life, and it is plausible that people’s psychophysical health has been affected. This study examined the relationship between COVID-19 related knowledge and mental health in a Croatian sample of participants.MethodsAn online survey was conducted from March 18 until March 23, 2020, and a total of 1244 participant responses were collected (85.5% were women and 58.4% completed secondary education). Measures included eight questions regarding biological features of the virus, symptoms, and prevention, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, and Optimism-Pessimism Scale. According to the answers given on the questions on COVID-19 related knowledge, participants were divided in two groups: (1) informed and (2) uninformed on each question. They were then compared in the expressed levels of anxiety, depression, pessimism, and optimism. Full vs. partial mediation models with optimism/pessimism as a mediator in the relationship between anxiety/depression and the accuracy of responses for questions about handwashing and ways of transmission were estimated.ResultsParticipants who responded correctly on the question about handwashing had higher levels of anxiety, depression, and pessimism than those participants whose answer was incorrect, while participants who answered correctly on the question about the percentage of patients who develop serious breathing problems had higher levels of depression than those who answered incorrectly. Lower levels of anxiety and pessimism were observed in the participants who answered correctly about ways of transmission. Higher levels of pessimism were found in participants who scored incorrectly on questions about the efficiency of antibiotics, most common symptoms, and the possibility of being infected by asymptomatic carriers. Higher levels of knowledge about handwashing were predicted by higher levels of anxiety and pessimism. Higher levels of knowledge about ways of transmission were predicted by lower levels of anxiety and lower levels of pessimism. The examined relationships between anxiety/depression and knowledge were mediated by pessimism.ConclusionThe findings of this study suggest that knowledge about COVID-19 may be useful to reduce anxiety and depression, but it must be directed to the promotion of health behaviors and to the recognition of fake news.

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The aim of this research was to determine the salience of work and family roles and to study the connection between role salience and the interference of different types of roles among working men and women. Self-assessment measurement scales were applied. The research involved 206 participants; 103 employed married couples from different regions of Croatia. The results show that roles closely connected to family are considered the most salient. However, men are mostly dedicated behaviourally to the role of a worker. Women dedicate more time and energy to the roles of a spouse, a parent, and a family member whereas men are more oriented towards the leisurite role. The highest level of conflict was perceived when it comes to work disturbing leisure. Gender differences appeared only for work-to-marriage conflict, with men reporting higher conflict than women. The research found proof of only some low correlations between the salience of different types of roles and work-family conflict.

Ključne riječi: stav o bračnim ulogama, dvostruki hranitelji, kvaliteta obiteljskog funkcioniranja, socijalna podrška, zadovoljstvo obiteljskim životom.

The purpose of this study was to explore intergenerational continuity of

The literature and research results suggest that teachers' behavior in the classroom is under the strong influence of teachers' beliefs about their own role in the educational process. The aim of this study was to examine the perception of teacher's professional roles and teacher's beliefs about teaching, and their correlation with the quality of teacher interaction. The study was conducted on a sample of 99 primary school teachers. The perception of the role of teachers and pupils was examined by the metaphor technique, and the Approaches to Teaching Inventory and Questionnaire on Teacher Interaction were applied. The results show that teacher beliefs differ depending on the research approach. The qualitative approach shows a dominant protectivetraditional orientation in understanding the role of a teacher, and a typical traditional orientation in understanding the role of pupils, while the quantitative approach based on teacher self-assessments points to the dominance of the constructivist approach focused on the pupil. There was also a weak correlation between teacher beliefs and teacher interpersonal behavior, which is considered in the context of data collection technique, teacher self-assessments.