As an immune-privileged target organ, the eyes have important superficial and internal barriers, protecting them from physical and chemical damage from exogenous and/or endogenous origins that would cause injury to visual acuity or even vision loss. These anatomic, physiological and histologic barriers are thus a challenge for drug access and entry into the eye. Novel therapeutic concepts are highly desirable for eye treatment. The design of an efficient ocular drug delivery system still remains a challenge. Although nanotechnology may offer the ability to detect and treat eye diseases, successful treatment approaches are still in demand. The growing interest in nanopharmaceuticals offers the opportunity to improve ophthalmic treatments. Besides their size, which needs to be critically monitored, nanopharmaceuticals for ophthalmic applications have to be produced under sterilized conditions. In this work, we have revised the different sterilization and depyrogenation methods for ophthalmic nanopharmaceuticals with their merits and drawbacks. The paper also describes clinical sterilization of drugs and the outcomes of inappropriate practices, while recent applications of nanopharmaceuticals for ocular drug delivery are also addressed.
<p align="center"> </p><p>Dadas, por um lado, as respectivas características socioeconómicas e culturais; por outro, as modalidades de enquadramento jurídico e político-administrativo adotadas ao longo da época contemporânea, o sector mineiro pode ser encarado como um objecto particularmente relevante para quem pretende analisar a problemática da propriedade e das correspondentes sequelas (diretas e indiretas). Face às especificidades do subuniverso do volfrâmio, escolheram-se como amostra sete minas de tungsténio localizadas num dos distritos do centro e norte de Portugal continental (onde existiram inúmeras concessões de tungsténio). Identificaram-se múltiplas vertentes significativas nas escalas local e regional, nacional e internacional. </p><p><strong>Palavras-chave: </strong>Mineração do volfrâmio. Propriedade pública. Iniciativa privada.</p><p><strong><em><br /></em></strong></p><p><strong><em>CONTEMPORARY MINING IN PORTUGAL, PUBLIC PROPERTY AND PRIVATE INITIATIVE</em></strong><strong>: </strong>Concessions of wolfram in the parish of S. Mamede de Ribatua</p><p><strong>Abstract: </strong>Based, on the one hand, to the respective socioeconomic and cultural characteristics; on the other hand, the modalities of legal and political-administrative framework adopted throughout the contemporary era, the mining sector can be considered as a particularly relevant object for those who want to analyze the property problem and the corresponding aftermath (direct and indirect). Considering the specificities of the sub-universe of wolfram, seven tungsten mines located in one of the central and northern districts of continental Portugal (where there were several tungsten concessions) were selected as samples. Multiple significant features were identified at local, regional, national and international scales.</p><p><strong>Keywords: </strong>Mining of wolfram. Public property. Private initiative.</p><p><strong><em><br /></em></strong></p><p><strong><em>MINERÍA CONTEMPORÁNEA EN PORTUGAL, PROPRIEDAD PÚBLICA Y SECTOR PRIVADO:</em></strong> concesiones de wolframio en la parroquia de S. Mamede de Ribatua </p><p><strong>Resumen:</strong> Teniendo en cuenta, por una parte, sus características socioeconómicas y culturales; por el otro, las modalidades del marco jurídico, político y administrativo adoptadas a lo largo de la época contemporánea, el sector minero se puede considerar como un tema particularmente relevante para aquellos que quieren analizar el problema de la propiedad y las secuelas relacionadas (directa e indirectamente). Teniendo en cuenta las características específicas del subuniverso del wolframio, fueron elegidos como muestra siete minas de tungsteno situadas en un de los distritos del centro y norte de Portugal continental (donde hubo numerosas concesiones de tungsteno). Se identificaron varios aspectos significativos en los niveles local y regional, nacional e internacional.</p><p><strong>Palabras clave:</strong> Minería del wolframio. Propiedad pública. Sector privado.</p>
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