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SummaryThere is growing international focus on how to support more integrated approaches to addressing climate change in ways that capture synergies and minimise the trade-offs between climate change mitigation, adaptation and development. These aims are embodied in the concept of climate compatible development (CCD). But what does this look like in practice in Kenya?With a National Action Plan on Climate Change, a Vision 2030 Strategy, a new constitution and a revised Energy Policy, Kenya is at a critical cross-roads with respect to defining its energy future for the years to come. The challenge is to enable a just transition to a lower carbon economy that delivers poverty reduction and climate resilience at the same time. But thinking about who sets the terms of transition and for whom, raises key political questions about the role of actors, interests and institutions in the energy sector. In other words, who has the power to change power?Drawing on 29 interviews with government officials, donors and businesses conducted during 2013, insights gleaned from an interactive workshop with practitioners on the themes of the research, as well as available academic and grey literature, this paper explores the role of politics, actors and institutions in enabling or frustrating the pursuit of climate compatible energy development in Kenya. This is a critical time for Kenya in deciding its energy future and whether and how it will aim to make it 'climate compatible'. Issues of power and political economy will play a key role in determining technological and social outcomes: the winners and losers from different energy pathways and on whose terms and how the trade-offs between competing policy objectives are resolved. In particular political economy analysis helps to understand the potential for energy systems to meet climate, development and adaptation needs simultaneously.

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The existing United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) has failed to deliver the rate of low-carbon technology transfer (TT) required to curb GHG emissions in developing countries. This failure has exposed the limitations of universalism and renewed interest in bilateral approaches to TT. Gaps are identified in the UNFCCC approach to climate change TT: missing links between international institutions and the national enabling environments that encourage private investment; a non-differentiated approach for (developing) country and technology characteristics; and a lack of clear measurements of the volume and effectiveness of TTs. Evidence from econometric literature and business experience on climate change TT is reviewed, so as to address the identified pitfalls of the UNFCCC process. Strengths and weaknesses of different methodological approaches are highlighted. International policy recommendations are offered aimed at improving the level of emission reductions achieved through TT.Keywords: business strategy; climate change; developing countries; economic models; technology transfer; UNFCCC La Convention cadre des Nations Unies sur le changement climatique (CCNUCC) actuelle a échoué en ce qui concerne le taux de transferí des technologies sobres en carbone requises pour réduire les emissions de gaz a effet de serré (GES) dans les pays en developpement. Cet échec a exposé les limites de l'universalisme et creé un regain d'intérét pour les approches bilaterales au transferí de technologies. Des failles ont été identifiées dans la demarche de la CCNUCC par rapport au transferí de technologies: liens manquants entre institutions internationales et circonstances nationales favorables a l'investissement privé; une approche non différenciée entre pays (en developpement) et les caracteristiques de latechnologie; et un manque de ciarte pour mesurer l'ampleur et l'effectivité des transferís de technologies. Les résullals de publicalions économélriques el d'expérience d'entreprises dans le transferí de technologies liées au changement climatique furent examines, de maniere a identifier et aborder les failles du processus de la CCNUCC. Les forces etfaiblesses de différentes methodologies furent mises en relief. Des recommandations de politique internationale sont faites dans le but d'augmenter le niveau de reduction d'émissions a atteindre grace au transferí de technologies.

Keywords: Technology transfer Renewable energy Developing countriesThis paper contributes to the debate about climate change technology transfer by analysing barriers and enablers for a Chilean company starting up the production of wind blades. Literature on the role of technology transfer for the development and deployment of local renewable energy technologies in developing countries often refers to success stories in Brazil, India and China. Instead, this case study highlights the different challenges faced by smaller emerging economies. The paper argues that successful technology transfer in a smaller economy like Chile requires: a minimum internal demand and access to regional markets to attract foreign knowledge providers; a focus in the types of technologies where the recipient country or company have a competitive advantage; and active learning processes by the recipient company. Lessons are drawn for improving the design and implementation of technology-push and market-pull policies in small or medium emerging economies.

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