Recently, the infl uence of chemokines in GD has begun to be studied in detail, and evidence has emerged regarding their role in the pathogenesis of GD [6, 9, 22, 29-35]. The chemokine CXCL10 is one of the CXC-chemokines inducible by interferon gamma (IFN-γ) and has been the most studied in GD [3, 24]. Besides, being expressed in endothelial and infi ltrating infl ammatory cells, CXCL10 is expressed in TFC [3, 6-9, 19, 36]. Some recent data have shown that serum CXCL10 levels
In the last decades, several studies demonstrated that the tumor microenvironment is a critical determinant not only of tumor progression and metastasis, but also of resistance to therapy. Exosomes are small membrane vesicles of endocytic origin, which contain mRNAs, DNA fragments, and proteins, and are released by many different cell types, including cancer cells. Mounting evidence has shown that cancer-derived exosomes contribute to the recruitment and reprogramming of constituents associated with the tumor microenvironment. Understanding how exosomes and the tumor microenvironment impact drug resistance will allow novel and better strategies to overcome drug resistance and treat cancer. Here, we describe a technique for exosome purification from cell culture, and fresh and frozen plasma, and further analysis by electron microscopy, NanoSight microscope, and Western blot.
The occurrence of antinuclear antibody (ANA), rheumatoid factor (RF), antibodies to double-stranded DNA (anti-dsDNA) and to single-stranded DNA (anti-ssDNA) was investigated in 51 patients with autoimmune thyroid diseases (AITD), and in 25 matched control subjects. In comparison with controls, the prevalence of anti-dsDNA was 74.5% in AITD patients (p=0.0001), 82.0% in 39 hyperthyroid Graves' disease (GD) (p=0.0001), and 50.0% in 12 euthyroid Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT) patients (p=0.0001). The prevalence of anti-ssDNA was 90.1% in AITD (94.8% in GD and 75% in HT; p=0.001). The concentration of both anti-dsDNA and anti-ssDNA were higher (p=0.002) in AITD, in GD (p=0.001), and in HT (p=0.01) patients than in controls. Two patients with AITD were identified as positive for ANA. RF was detected in 4 AITD patients. Positive correlation was noted between anti-dsDNA with T4 (p=0.001), T3 (p=0.002), thyroid peroxidase antibody (anti-TPO) (p=0.0001), and TSH (p=0.001) values but not with thyroglobulin antibody (anti-Tg). Serum anti-ssDNA values were also correlated with T3 (p=0.0001), TSH (p=0.003), and anti-TPO (p=0.0001). However, by using a multiple regression analysis only anti-TPO remained associated with anti-dsDNA and both anti-Tg and anti-TPO with anti-ssDNA values. The predisposition to develop systemic autoimmune disorders is not influenced by thyroid hormones. The elevated prevalence of serum anti-dsDNA and anti-ssDNA in AITD patients points out that we must be aware of the risk for predisposition for the development of other systemic autoimmune diseases.
Because of the shift from euthyroidism to spontaneous hypothyroidism, GD patients demanded a strict follow up after ATD therapy. It seems that there is an effect of TPOAb on thyroid destruction.
The objective of this study was to identify potential extracellular vesicles (EV) which might serve as biomarkers for predictive and diagnostic purposes in metastatic breast cancer. Plasma samples from 7 different metastatic and non-metastatic ER+ (estrogen receptor -positive) breast cancer patients were collected, EV were isolated and their protein content analyzed by mass spectrometry and FunRich analysis. In this study we found several putative plasma EV biomarkers for metastatic ER+ breast cancer prediction and diagnosis, such as serum amyloid A1, known to promote widespread metastasis in a breast cancer animal model.
Membrane trafficking by exosomes has been the subject of intense investigation due to their diagnostic and therapeutic potential. However, although exosomes have been referred to by most authors as extracellular vesicles of endosomal origin, there are no extracellular vesicle-specific markers that can distinguish exosomes from other vesicle types. Moreover, the material isolated from different fluids such as cell culture conditioned media or plasma, generally contains a mixture of different vesicle subtypes. In this short article, we describe how the definition of the terms extracellular vesicles and exosomes varies in the literature, therefore prompting the need for a standardization of the terminology used to describe these membrane tracking particles. Such harmonization will ultimately help define the potential importance of specific vesicles as markers for various disease states.
Keywords: Extracellular vesicles, exosomes, definition
Extracellular vesicles (EV’s) are membrane surrounded structures released by different cell types and are emerging as potential therapeutic and diagnostic targets in cancer. In the present study, plasma samples derived from 7 patients with metastatic and non-metastatic ER+ (estrogen receptor positive) breast cancer (BC) were collected and their respective (EVs) isolated and the protein content analyzed by mass spectrometry and FunRich analysis. Two putative plasma biomarkers (absent in healthy controls samples) were identified which could be used to detect early ER+ breast cancer and for those with lymph node (LN) involvement However, given the current limitations of the EV isolation method used, it is possible that these biomarkers did not originate from EVs and may represent blood-derived extracellular proteins. Further work in a larger patient cohort is warranted to confirm these findings and examine the diagnostic potential of these biomarkers.
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AbstractExtracellular vesicles (EV's) are membrane surrounded structures released by different cell types and are emerging as potential therapeutic and diagnostic targets in cancer. In the present study, plasma samples derived from 7 patients with metastatic and non-metastatic ER+ (estrogen receptor positive) breast cancer (BC) were collected and their respective (EVs) isolated and the protein content analyzed by mass spectrometry and FunRich analysis. Here we report on the presence of two putative plasma EV biomarkers (which were absent in healthy controls samples) that could be used to detect early ER+ breast cancer and for those with lymph node (LN) involvement However, given the preliminar nature of the work, further investigation in a larger patient cohort is warranted to corroborate these findings. If confirmed, these biomarkers could be incorporated into simple blood test kit for the early detection of those with ER+ breast cancer and lymph node involvement.
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