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Heavy metal and metalloid contaminations are among the most concerning types of pollutant in the environment. Consequently, it is important to investigate the molecular mechanisms of cellular responses and detoxification pathways for these compounds in living organisms. To date, a number of genes have been linked to the detoxification process. The expression of these genes can be controlled at both transcriptional and translational levels. In baker’s yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, resistance to a wide range of toxic metals is regulated by glutathione S-transferases. Yeast URE2 encodes for a protein that has glutathione peroxidase activity and is homologous to mammalian glutathione S-transferases. The URE2 expression is critical to cell survival under heavy metal stress. Here, we report on the finding of two genes, ITT1, an inhibitor of translation termination, and RPS1A, a small ribosomal protein, that when deleted yeast cells exhibit similar metal sensitivity phenotypes to gene deletion strain for URE2. Neither of these genes were previously linked to metal toxicity. Our gene expression analysis illustrates that these two genes affect URE2 mRNA expression at the level of translation.

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Aos meus pais, Helena e José, por sempre acreditarem em mim e por nunca me deixarem desistir. A minha avó Maria, por sempre estar ao meu lado. A CAPES, cujo apoio financeiro tornou esta pesquisa possível. A minha orientadora Eliane Gouvêa Lousada, exemplo de professora e pesquisadora, que acompanha meu desenvolvimento desde o início e que foi extremamente importante para a realização desse projeto. A Joaquim Dolz, pela atenção e respeito, assim como, pelas contribuições importantes para esta pesquisa. A Lília Santos Abreu-Tardelli, pelo rigor científico e pelas contribuições a essa pesquisa. A Adriana Zavaglia, pela atenção e contribuições valiosas. Ao meu sobrinho e afilhado Luiz, que trouxe mais vida para nossa família. Aos meus amigos, Francisco, Rubeilde e Aline, que sempre estiveram ao meu lado e acreditaram mais em mim do que eu mesma. A minha grande amiga Jéssica, terapeuta e conselheira, sempre com as palavras certas nos momentos certos. A Jaci e Aline, companheiras sempre prontas a aconselhar e ajudar, que dividiram comigo as alegrias e desafios de realizar uma pesquisa acadêmica. Deixo um agradecimento especial a Jaci, pelos conselhos, broncas e amizade.

Network interactions that are nonlinear in the state of more than two nodes—also known as higher-order interactions—can have a profound impact on the collective network dynamics. Here we develop a coupled cell hypernetwork formalism to elucidate the existence and stability of (cluster) synchronization patterns in network dynamical systems with higher-order interactions. More specifically, we define robust synchrony subspace for coupled cell hypernetworks whose coupling structure is determined by an underlying hypergraph and describe those spaces for general such hypernetworks. Since a hypergraph can be equivalently represented as a bipartite graph between its nodes and hyperedges, we relate the synchrony subspaces of a hypernetwork to balanced colourings of the corresponding incidence digraph.