Varronia curassavica, a subshrubby medicinal species associated with restinga in the Atlantic Forest, has been exploited by local people and the pharmaceutical industry. Indeed, restingas have experienced a continuous process of degradation, and thus, with species and ecosystem both at risk, efforts to support conservation actions are required. The present study aimed to evaluate aspects of V. curassavica reproductive biology. To accomplish this, morphological characterization was performed by monitoring flowering events. The availability of nectar and pollen, as well as the frequency and behavior of floral visitors and dispersers, was also evaluated. This species exhibits both heterostyly and protogyny. Anthesis is diurnal, and flowers last less than a day. The high number of flower and fruit abortions suggests that mechanisms, such as self-incompatibility intra-morphs and easily detached flowers, contribute to reduced fruit production. The high diversity of floral visitors indicate a generalist pollination syndrome. Diptera, Hymenoptera and Lepidoptera were the main pollinators, and nectar was the main resource sought by these insects. Fruits were dispersed by birds and ants. It can be concluded that the interaction of V. curassavica with several species is a key factor in its own survival and for maintaining the biological diversity of restinga.
This study aimed to elucidate the breeding strategies of Varronia curassavica, an important medicinal species associated with Brazilian restinga. This was accomplished by combining phenological and genetic data. Every 2 weeks over a period of 2 years, we measured flowering and fruiting phenology to evaluate the activity and intensity of phenophases (n = 60). We evaluated the mating system, pollen ovule ratio and genotypes from progeny and mother plants using 8 nuclear microsatellite loci. We observed flowering and fruiting of V. curassavica at low intensity throughout the entire year, but with 2 distinct peaks, one of which was seasonal, corresponding to the period of gradual increase of temperature and photoperiod. Overlapping of flowering and fruiting strategies favors gene flow among different groups of individuals and between populations by attraction of fauna throughout the year. Analysis of the mating system indicates that V. curassavica is a typical outcrossed species (t^ = 0.98; pollen/ovule ratio = 7087.50). Combining phenology with genetic studies improved our understanding of the reproductive strategies of this species. The typical outcrossing system of V. curassavica reflects the existence of functional self-incompatibility mechanisms still unaffected by changes in genetic balance by polyploidy.
Garcinia gardneriana (Planch. & Triana) Zappi is a native species widely distributed in Brazil. It has ornamental features, edible fruits, and its leaves have medicinal properties; however, its potential has not been explored. The aim of this study was to evaluate seed physiological performance due to dormancy, desiccation and storage tolerance. Only decoated seeds germinated. Seeds had an initial water content of 1.07 g H 2 O.g -1 dw and final germination of 95%. Both desiccation to 0.67 g H 2 O.g -1 dw and storage at 25 ºC for ninety days resulted in decreased germination, 43 and 41%, respectively. Desiccation below 0.25 g H 2 O.g -1 dw and storage for ninety days at 5 ºC were lethal. A rapid decrease in enzymic protection by superoxide dismutase and ascorbate peroxidase was correlated to desiccation sensitivity. Total polyamines content was higher in fresh seeds and markedly decreased with desiccation. The decrease in enzyme activity and polyamines content seems to be associated with seed viability loss. In sum, G. gardneriana seeds have a low tolerance to desiccation and are sensitive to chilling. Therefore, the seeds can be categorized as recalcitrant and dormant, a rare combination in terms of seed biology.
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