Before the Inca reigned, two empires held sway over the central Andes from anno Domini 600 to 1000: the Wari empire to the north ruled much of Peru, and Tiwanaku to the south reigned in Bolivia. Face-to-face contact came when both colonized the Moquegua Valley sierra in southern Peru. The state-sponsored Wari incursion, described here, entailed large-scale agrarian reclamation to sustain the occupation of two hills and the adjacent high mesa of Cerro Baúl. Monumental buildings were erected atop the mesa to serve an embassy-like delegation of nobles and attendant personnel that endured for centuries. Final evacuation of the Baúl enclave was accompanied by elaborate ceremonies with brewing, drinking, feasting, vessel smashing, and building burning.

Background: Iodine is the key element for thyroid hormone synthesis, and its deficiency, even moderate, is harmful in pregnancy, when needs are increased, because of its potential deleterious effects on fetal brain development. In Portugal, no recent data on iodine intake exists. The objective of this countrywide study was to analyze iodine status in pregnant Portuguese women in order to propose adequate measures to the health authorities. Subjects and methods: Using a fast colorimetric method, urine iodine concentration (UIC) was evaluated in 3631 pregnant women followed in 17 maternity hospitals from hinterland and coastal areas in Continental Portugal and the Portuguese islands of Açores and Madeira. Results: Median UIC value was 84.9 mg/l (range 67.6-124.1) in Continental Portugal, 69.5 mg/l in Madeira, and 50.0 mg/l in Açores. The percentage of satisfactory values (O150 mg/l) was 16.8, ranging from 8.8 to 34.1 in the Continent, and being 8.2 in Madeira and 2.3 in Açores. The percentage of values below 50 mg/l was 23.7, ranging from 14.0 to 37.4 in the Continent, 33.7 in Madeira, and 50.0 in Açores. Conclusions: Our results point to an inadequate iodine intake in pregnant women assisted in most Portuguese maternity hospitals. Considering the potential deleterious effects of inadequate iodine supply in pregnancy, iodine supplementation is strongly recommended in this period of life.

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BackgroundThe association of obesity and dietary patterns has been well documented in scientific literature; however, information on the impact of meal patterns on obesity is scarce. The objective of this study was to investigate the association of adherence to lunch patterns and body mass index (BMI) in a representative sample of individuals aged 20 years or older in Sao Paulo.MethodsData for 933 participants were retrieved from the Health Survey of São Paulo (ISA-Capital 2008), a cross-sectional population-based survey. The usual dietary intake of individuals with at least one 24-h recall was estimated by the Multiple Source Method. The definition of lunch was self-reported by the participant. Five lunch patterns were derived from twenty-two food groups by exploratory factor analysis: Traditional, Western, Sweetened juice, Salad, and Meats. To estimate the effect of lunch patterns on BMI, we used a generalized linear model with link identity and inverse Gaussian distribution. Analyses were adjusted by age, gender, household income per capita, physical activity levels, smoking status, alcohol consumption, total energy intake, and misreporting status.ResultsThe greater adherence to the traditional pattern at the lunch meal was associated with lower BMI, only in insufficiently active individuals (ß = −0.78; 95% CI -1.57; −0.02).ConclusionsThe traditional Brazilian lunch pattern might protect the insufficiently active individuals against obesity.

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RESUMENEl artículo expone enfoques teóricos desarrollados dentro del campo de los estudios de juventud desde una perspectiva histórica. Las teorías en análisis fueron seleccionadas con el objetivo de aportar al debate desde la perspectiva sociológica, al tiempo que sentar bases para el desarrollo de la idea de "gramática de la juventud". Una noción que expresa la preocupación de los autores por dar cuenta de la estructura de actividades y accesos que las sociedades contemporáneas ofrecen a los y las jóvenes, y de los marcos normativos que subyacen en el contorno de las expectativas que se depositan en su cumplimiento. UM NOVO CONCEITO EM CONSTRUÇÃO RESUMOO artigo apresenta enfoques teóricos desenvolvidos dentro do campo dos estudos de juventude a partir de uma perspectiva histórica. As teorias em análise foram selecionadas com o objetivo de contribuir para o debate a partir da perspectiva sociológica, ao mesmo tempo que estabelecem as bases para o desenvolvimento da ideia de "gramática da juventude". Uma noção que exprime a preocupação dos autores por mostrar a estrutura das atividades e acesos que as sociedades contemporâneas oferecem aos e às jovens, e dos marcos regulatórios que subjazem no contorno das expectativas depositadas em seu cumprimento. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: ESTUDOS THE GRAMMAR OF YOUTH: A NEW IN -PROGRESS CONCEPT ABSTRACTThe article presents theoretical approaches developed within the field of youth studies from a historical perspective. The theories analyzed were selected in order to add a sociological perspective to the debate while laying the foundations of a notion of "grammar of youth". This concept shows the authors' concern about the relationship between the structure of activities and approaches offered by contemporary societies to young men and women, and on the regulatory frameworks underlying the expectations placed on its compliance.

Este artigo propõe contribuir para o debate sobre a desigualdade e as condições de vida da juventude, a partir dos resultados de uma pesquisa que teve por foco a transição entre educação e mundo do trabalho em duas conjunturas históricas distintas (Argentina, 1999 e 2011). Os resultados foram obtidos a partir da construção de painéis para acompanhamento dos egressos do ensino secundário. Apresenta-se uma tipologia para discutir a ideia de que há uma forma típica ou ideal na organização do curso da vida. Além disso, apresenta relatos de jovens que sugerem que as situações de vulnerabilidade podem ser reversíveis em um contexto social que favoreça a inclusão social.

The Peruvian south coast between the Tambo and Ilo rivers is a deserted wasteland. Yet tracts of abandoned farmland and expanses of desiccated lomas vegetation indicate that it was once vibrant and productive. Scattered habitations and cemeteries also indicate a pronounced resident Chiribaya population between A.D. 1200 and 1400. While river drainages of the western Andes and their canalized extensions are often treated as primary analytical units of study, our investigation of so-called peripheral intervalley regions points to a highly engineered and intensively managed landscape. When compared to the Ilo Valley, intervalley Chiribaya were organized into smaller communities and managed smaller spring-fed irrigation systems but were also heavily invested in adjacent maritime and lomas resource bases. Utilizing a mixed economic strategy, we argue, these intervalley populations were anything but marginal to the Chiribaya señorío of the Ilo region; rather, they were fully engaged in the social, political, and economic spheres of the late Intermediate period Peruvian south coast and formed a significant component of the Chiribaya cultural landscape. Our results hold implications for other similarly marginalized areas of the Andean coast, where distinct microenvironmental parameters and human ingenuity intersected to significantly transform the western Andes.