Resumen: Este trabajo muestra que los avances en la integración andina y en la descentralización infranacional de Colombia y Venezuela han sido insuficientes y han tomado direcciones y significados diferentes, por lo que la cooperación o integración transfronteriza se dificulta. Factores externos, la falta de élites comprometidas con la integración, los recelos, temores y odios entre los países permiten un cierto nivel normativo de supra e infranacionalidad en el Estado pero poco se logra en la integración de hecho a pesar de la participación de actores de las fronteras.
Palabras-claves:Supranacionalidad, Infranacionalidad, Descentralización, Comunidad Andina, Frontera.Abstract: This paper shows that the Andean integration and the infranational decentralization of Colombia and Venezuela have not been enough and have different directionsand meanings, making cooperation and transborder regional integration difficult. External factors, the lack of an elite engaged in integration, distrust, fears and hatreds between the countries allow a certain normative level of supra and infranationality in the State but very little in the factual integration in spite of the participation of actors from the border regions.
El presente artículo evalúa los cambios en la percepción sobre la política de seguridad democrática de Colombia (PSD) y su efecto en la seguridad de la frontera de Táchira y Norte de Santander (TNS) durante el período 2002- 2010. Siguiendo la revisión teórica desde las disciplinas que confluyen en el análisis de la seguridad de las poblaciones fronterizas, su interrelación con el entorno local, nacional e internacional se realizó una investigación de tipo cualitativo con entrevistas a informantes para conocer sus percepciones y contrastarlas a la luz de la teoría y los constructos emergentes de la información cualitativa. Los resultados muestran la emergencia de tres categorías principales: Ambivalencia sobre la capacidad del Estado, oscilaciones en la credibilidad del Estado y pérdida de la calidad de vida. Dichas categorías se subdividen en dimensiones como fortalecimiento y debilidad del Estado, violencia, éxodo poblacional, desempleo, falta de acompañamiento con políticas de desarrollo, pérdida de libertades y seguridad pública y resiliencia, entre otras. En su conjunto evidencian que la PSD fortaleció relativamente la capacidad del Estado aunque aún necesita rescatar y construir institucionalidad y cambió percepciones sobre las dinámicas de seguridad fronteriza y de la vida en la frontera de TNS. Una evaluación más apropiada requiere mayor investigación a más largo plazo con el fin de evitar los matices y pasiones propios del momento; por lo tanto, es necesario continuar profundizando y evaluando tendencias sobre la PSD en las fronteras de Colombia.
COVID-19’s pandemic declaration worsened the Táchira–Norte de Santander border as the epicenter of the second largest forced migratory crisis in the world due to the Complex Humanitarian Emergency in Venezuela. COVID-19 changed the direction of the flow from emigration to returned migration, at a border that had already moved from open to semi-open, and since the pandemic, became closed to all formal movements.
Six countries in Central Amedca and Panama are working together in the SIEPAC project to create an electricity market and to build the first regional interconnection line in Central America, reinforcing the already existing country to country interconnections. The project includes the development of a regional transmission system and the formation and gradual growth of a competitive electricity market.The regional market (MER) will work on top of the national markets and will be governed by a single set of market rules; a regional regulatory agency and a regional market operating entity have been created for it. This paper presents an overview of the Real Time platform which is being implemented and wili provide the system monitoring of the Regional generation and transmission resources and their efficient coordination. The Information System for the SIEPAC regional electricity market integrated by various Systems that are planned for supporting the models and tools that will be available for the Central America Interconnected Regional Market operation are also presented. These works are under development for the SIEPAC Project coordinated by the Executive Unit with headquarters in San Jose, Costa Rica. The main systems designed are presented along with their characteristics illustrating the main guidelines foIlowed during the project development.
I. IITRODUCTIONix countries are working together in the SIEPAC project to S create an electricity market and to build the fmt regional interconnection line in Central America, reinforcing the already existing country to country interconnections. The PTOject includes the development of a regional transmission system and the formation and gradual growth of a competitive electricity market. The regional market (MER) will work on top of the six national markets and will be governed by a single set of market rules; a regional regulatory agency and a regional market operating entity that have been created for it.The conceptual model proposed for the Regional Electricity Market (MER), object of the SIEPAC project, consists in the composing of a "seventh market" operating jointly with the six existing markets or national systems, with independent rules and interconnected only in the interchange points defined as boundaries, between national markets and regional market by the Regional Transmission Grid (RTR as known in Spanish). To compose the Market the following aspects are establishedContracts market (regional engagements). Short-term market (spot market), where regional resources are optimized along with auxiliary services market for such services that could be open to challenge, or regulated for such that could not be submitted to challenge. The regional transmission grid (RTR) is first composed by transmission lines belonging to the existing transmission companies in Central America. Afterwards the Regional level transmission projects will complement the RTR that will also be under supervision of the Regional Entity Operator @OR).The market operator @OR) will be responsibl...
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