Plant diseases are one of the grand challenges that face the agriculture sector world-wide. In the United States, crop diseases cause losses of one-third of crop production annually. Despite the importance, crop disease diagnosis is challenging for limited-resources farmers if performed through optical observation of plant leaves’ symptoms. Therefore, there is an urgent need for markedly improved detection, monitoring, and prediction of crop diseases to reduce crop agriculture losses. Advanced imaging technologies can detect such changes, and can, therefore, be used as noninvasive crop monitoring methods. Furthermore, novel methods of treatment precision application are required. Both sensing and actuation technologies can be mounted on equipment moving through fields (e.g., irrigation equipment), on (un)manned driving vehicles, and on small drones.
Climate change, water scarcity and higher energy requirements and electric tariff compromises the continuity of the irrigated agriculture. Precision agriculture (PA) or renewable energy sources which are based on communication and information technologies and a large amount of data are key to ensuring this economic activity and guaranteeing food security at the global level. Several works which are based on the use of PA and renewable energy sources have been developed in order to optimize different variables of irrigated agriculture such as irrigation scheduling. In general, 70% of global water consumption goes to agriculture, for crop irrigation. Irrigated agriculture represents 20% of the total cultivated land (global average), but brings 40% of food.
Globally, in recent years, attempts have been made to move towards organic farming by eliminating the use of synthetic fertilizers and pesticides. To increase soil fertility, more and more natural, biodegradable fertilizers are used. Composting is a naturally controlled process, in which beneficial microorganisms, bacteria, and fungi, turn waste into a finite, fertilizer and soil hardener, which can be considered the enemy of soil pathogens. By decomposing and stabilizing organic substances during fermentation under the action of microorganisms, by biological degradation, the organic material is transformed into a humus-like material. The main purpose of waste composting technologies is to reduce the amount of biodegradable waste, to store it in environmentally friendly conditions and, finally, to reintroduce the finished product, which is compost, into the economic circuit. This paper aims to present the current state concerning the construction of organic compost equipment, but also the advantages and disadvantages of each equipment /machinery.
Orchards and vineyards can be exposed to climatic phenomena with unfavorable effects on tree growth and fruiting, such as: winter frosts, frosts and late spring frosts, hail, icing, etc. Smoke and heat are a valuable ally of fruit and vine growers, often intervening in preventing and limiting the negative effects of frosts and frosts on fruit trees and vines during the periods of budding, flowering and fruit binding. The accident is due to the freezing of water in the cellular structure of the vegetative organs (flower buds, buds, flowers, leaves). The paper presents a method of the protection for orchards and vineyards against hoar and late frosts as well as the possibility to use the resulting ash as soil amendment.
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