VON HAFE, PEDRO, FRANCISCO PINA, ANA PÉ REZ, MARGARIDA TAVARES, AND HENRIQUE BARROS. Visceral fat accumulation as a risk factor for prostate cancer. Obes Res. 2004;12:1930 -1935. Objective: No clear association between obesity or body fat distribution and prostate cancer has been shown. We investigated the relation between visceral fat accumulation as measured by computed tomography (CT) and the occurrence of prostate cancer. Research Methods and Procedures:We compared body fat distribution assessed by a direct method (CT) in 63 prostate cancer cases with 63 age-matched healthy community controls. A CT scan at the level of the fourth lumbar vertebra was performed in all participants. Results: Patients presented a significantly higher mean total abdominal fat area (509.2 Ϯ 226.1 vs. 334.3 Ϯ 132.9 cm 2 , p Ͻ 0.001), mostly because of a higher mean visceral fat area (VF; 324.7 Ϯ 145.6 vs. 177.4 Ϯ 88.4 cm 2 , p Ͻ 0.001) and a significantly higher mean ratio between visceral and subcutaneous fat areas (V/S ratio; 1.8 Ϯ 0.4 vs. 1.2 Ϯ 0.4, p Ͻ 0.001). A significantly higher risk of prostate cancer was found for participants with higher VF (odds ratio ϭ 4.6; 95% confidence interval ϭ 2.6 to 8.2 per SD increase) and V/S ratio (odds ratio ϭ 6.0; 95% confidence interval ϭ 2.3 to 11.0 per SD increase). Discussion: These results suggest a role for visceral obesity, quantified by CT, as a risk factor for prostate cancer. The action of the adipocytokines secreted by visceral fat cells, steroid hormone disturbances, and increased levels of insulin or other hormones noted in visceral obesity may explain this association.
Layered double hydroxides (LDH) are matrices with interlayer anions that can be exchanged with several types of organic or inorganic anions. Due to the anion-exchange capability, hundreds of new materials have been prepared in the past two decades. Conversely, attempts to intercalate neutral molecules (and increase the range of applications) have been achieved by expanding the interlayer space with longchain surfactants, thus allowing to exclusively retain highly hydrophobic molecules. This work describes a folate-intercalated LDH structure, where folate pillars are capable of forming both hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions with neutral molecules. Infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction data indicated that imidazole, urea and cyclophosphamide were successfully intercalated. This evidence increases the opportunity to prepare more novel materials with neutral molecules in LDH. The cyclophosphamide-LDH product here obtained represents a remarkable example of an LDH-based vehicle for a non-ionic anti-cancer drug used in current chemotherapies.1. Introduction: Layered double hydroxides (LDH) are synthetic layered compounds widely known for their positively charged layers as a result of the isomorphic substitution of divalent cations located in octahedral sites of brucite-like layers by trivalent cations [1]. The positive charge is neutralised by interlayer anions, which can be exchanged with a large number of anions. This anion-exchange property is the most remarkable feature of these structures [2, 3] because even organic anions can be inserted between the layers by the exchange process to produce new hybrid materials such as gene and drug vehicles [4,5], polymer flame retardants [6], enzyme supports [7,8] or nutraceutical and cosmeceutical carriers [9, 10]. Due to the ease of intercalating different types of anions into LDH, hundreds of scientific articles are published every year. Unusual cases of neutral molecules intercalated in LDH have been reported with ribose and curcubituril [11,12] and attempts to improve this intercalation involves pre-expansion of LDH with long chain anions. Examples of this is the intercalation of iphosphamide into a pre-expanded LDH with dodecylsulphate (DDS); the intercalation of ultraviolet (UV)-absorbers after expansion of the interlayer space with DDS or dodecylbenzenesulphonate [13]; and the intercalation of curcubituril into a pre-expanded LDH with DDS [12].This strategy has been limited to increase the size of interlayer galleries with long chain hydrophobic anions (surfactants) and consequently, the neutral species intercalated further required a high hydrophobic character. In fact, we have observed our own experiments that urea (a highly polar molecule) does not intercalate into surfactant pre-expanded LDH.On the other hand, considering that folic acid, by itself, can retain aromatic molecules like anthracene due to an attraction with π bonds [14], the present Letter reports the use of a pre-expanded LDH structure with folate anions where the aromatic rings allow r...
Purpose Association between variants rs1047972 and rs8173 of the AURKA gene in healthy women and breast cancer (BC) in a Mexican population. Methods Genomic DNA samples from 409 healthy women and 572 patients with BC were analyzed for variants rs1047972 and rs8173 of the AURKA gene by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism. Results TT genotype (odds ratio [OR], 2.5; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.22–5.11; p = 0.0015) and the T allele (OR, 1.16; 95% CI, 1.23–2.12; p = 0.0007) of the rs1047972 variant were associated as risk susceptibility for BC relative to the control group. Contrarily, the GG genotype (OR, 0.64; 95% CI, 0.43–0.94; p = 0.029) was associated as a protective factor of susceptibility of BC of the variant rs8173 of the AURKA gene. Differences were observed in the patients with BC who were carriers of the CT genotype of the rs1047972 variant with overweight, obesity, estrogen receptor-positive plus obesity, Ki-67 (≥ 20%) plus history familial positive of cancer; and for variant rs8173 the BC patients who were CG carriers and presented chemotherapy gastric toxicity, hormonal receptor positive plus chemotherapy gastric toxicity, and menopause status plus chemotherapy gastric toxicity ( p < 0.05). Two common haplotypes were identified in the study groups: CG and TC genotypes, were associated as a protective and risk factor, respectively ( p < 0.05). Conclusion Variants rs1047972 and rs8173 of the AURKA gene and the TC haplotype were associated as risk susceptibility factors for BC in this population.
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