The effect of the use of treated wastewater on the growth of cabernet sauvignon and merlot grapes from the Guadalupe Valley, Mexico was evaluated. Secondary advanced effluent was used to irrigate the grapevines at a rate of 66 L/vine/week. Wastewater quality results confirmed that all parameters complied with Mexican legislation for crop irrigation as well as reuse in activities in which the public would be in direct or indirect contact with the reclaimed water. Results showed that the number of leaves per shoot and the overall biomass increased in plants irrigated with wastewater and grape production per plant was 20% higher. The concentration of carbohydrates, organic acids and pH were similar in grapes from vines irrigated with wastewater to those irrigated with groundwater. Throughout the experiment, no fecal coliform bacteria were detected in the cultivated grapes. The wastewater caused an increase in the biomass of the grapevines and there was no presence of microbial indicators in the final product so a higher wine production could be achieved without an increase in health risk related problems. If 200 L/s of reclaimed wastewater would be returned to be used for grapevine irrigation in Valle de Guadalupe (the same amount that is currently being sent as drinking water to Ensenada), assuming an irrigation application of 6,000-7.500 m3/ha/year, approximately 837-1046 hectares (ha) of grapevines could be irrigated. Part of ongoing research includes an economical analysis of the best options for Ensenada and the Valle de Guadalupe in order to establish the optimum volume of water to be returned, the cost of its transportation, as well as the cost of irrigation.
Contributions to the methodological debate on healthEstas páginas deben leerse como un intento de abrir algunas líneas de reflexión sobre la metodología de la historia, cuestión a mi criterio relativamente desdeñada por los historiadores argentinos. El problema se hace particularmente evidente cuando se observa la reciente expansión de una línea de trabajo que es identificada por diferentes investigadores en términos de Historia social de la salud y la enfermedad. Muy prolífica en los últimos años, ha tejido vínculos con múltiples investigadores en el país y en el exterior, organiza encuentros y jornadas en diferentes puntos del país con una recepción muy positiva si se tiene en cuenta la cantidad significativa de ponencias y asistentes que convoca, y se ha expresado a través de un buen número de publicaciones.Si bien es justo reconocer esos logros, también merece alguna advertencia la creciente complejidad del campo, que superpone corrientes analíticas anteriormente diferenciadas como la historia
During field experiments using surface weather stations and a Sodar-RASS (radio acoustic sounding system) combination, low-level jets were observed in the Colima Valley of central western Mexico. These low-level jet events have not been previously observed in this part of the tropics. The present study focuses on events from one specific field period from December 2011 to April 2013 performed at a specific location. From this dataset, it was found that these phenomena typically develop at night at around 0300 local time and they reach their maximum speed 20 min after sunrise and end at 1100 local time. For the considered period, low-level jet events occurred during 88 % of nights, and most of these events were fully characterized; thus, 73 % of the nights presented with categorized lowlevel jets following the classical literature on this mesoscale phenomenon in other parts of the world. The low-level wind maxima occurred with events ranging from category sub-zero to category 3. The strongest category 3 events are around 25 m s −1 and the longest event was 57.5 h, but they are more typical of category 1. Their average speed is 11.7 m s −1 and their height distribution is bimodal, with a group of events occurring at lower levels, with an average height of 190 m; higher levels have a mean height of 480 m. The higher cases are more typical of the rainy season. During all seasons, their direction is predominantly from the north-north-west to north-north-east with some dispersion occurring during the rainy season. The region of study is typically considered to have low wind speeds in the atmospheric boundary layer, making these events super-geostrophic.
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