Background: Starting from the limitations of different single-method approaches to measuring the organizational efficiency, the paper is focused on covering both the financial and non-financial factors of this concept by combining two methods, namely the Balanced Scorecard (BSC) and Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA).Objectives: The main goal of the research in the paper is to show that certain deficiencies in the independent application of each method are eliminated by combining these methods.Methods/Approach: The paper combines two methods, BSC and DEA, to measure the relative efficiency of all branches of a bank in Serbia.Results: Results confirmed that the combined use of the named methods facilitates measurement of organizational efficiency by using both financial and non-financial indicators.Conclusions: The paper shows that it is possible to achieve synergetic effects in the evaluation of organizational efficiency in the banking sector if BSC is applied first, to define goals within four perspectives, and then four DEA models are developed to measure efficiency in each perspective.
Pedagoška istraživanja zagovaraju humanistički pristup koji promiče cjelovit razvoj pojedinca, stoga cilj školovanja nije samo stjecanje znanja, već uvažavanje njegovih interesa i potreba, gdje se uz intelektualne ističu i emocionalne značajke razvoja. Kako bi se razvijala učenička odgovornost, tolerancija, kritičko mišljenje, samostalnost i uspješno komuniciranje, neophodni su odgovorni i moralni učitelji, svjedoci vrijednosti. Profesionalno kompetentni učitelji trebaju biti svjesni implicitnih utjecaja unutar i izvan odgojno-obrazovne ustanove, koji utječu na kulturu škole i usvajanje temeljnih vrijednosti svih dionika. Danas je više nego ikad potrebno voditi se postavkama pedagogije djelotvorne ljubavi don Bosca, koji je odgajao vlastitim primjerom te utvrdio temelje preventivnoga sustava utemeljenoga na ljubavi prema učenicima.
Multicriteria analysis and its methods have developed very rapidly in the last few decades. Basically, multicriteria analysis deals with solving unstructured management problems and, in practical terms, facilitates making an optimal decision. In order to make a good decision, however, it is necessary to specify possible alternatives by defining appropriate criteria. Multicriteria analysis belongs to the decisionmaking field, where the following meet: economics, mathematics, statistics, psychology, sociology, organizational theory, philosophy, information technology and other sciences.
PurposeThe purpose of this paper is an analysis of the process of digital transformation of enterprises, by measuring the efficiency of the use of information and communication technologies (ICTs) in business in 29 European countries in the period from 2012 to 2020.Design/methodology/approachA Charnes, Cooper and Rhodes data envelopment analysis (CCR DEA, 1978) window model has been developed to measure the ICT efficiency of European countries. Several indicators of the use of information and communication technologies in enterprises are selected as the variables of the proposed models, which are available as such in the Eurostat database for European countries. Due to the sensitivity of the results obtained by applying the DEA method to measurement errors and output values, the robustness analysis of the obtained values of average efficiency is also performed, using the bootstrap method.FindingsThe obtained results show that the highest average technical efficiency of the use of ICT in companies by windows, in the observed period, is recorded in Belgium, while Denmark is in the second place. Bulgaria, Romania, Greece and Latvia have the lowest average technical ICT efficiency per window. The analysis of the obtained results by years in the same period brings identical conclusions. Only Belgium has been ICT efficient many times. In general, for all observed countries, the movement of average ICT efficiency in the observed period shows a slightly growing trend, with the exception of a significantly decline in 2013. However, the fact is that the ICT efficiency of the observed countries in the past period is relatively low and for all countries it is 46.36%, with no country being 100% efficient and with eight countries whose average efficiency is below 50% of best practice.Research limitations/implicationsTo measure and evaluate the efficiency of ICT use in enterprises, four variables for efficiency assessment are identified, given the fact that only these data are available continuously for the observed period from 2012 to 2020 in the Eurostat database.Practical implicationsLow efficiency of using digital potential in business of the observed countries indicates the need for better understanding of the nature and goals of the digital business transformation process by employees and management, to create conditions for effective implementation and optimization of business digitalization.Originality/valueMeasurement of digital transformation is the subject of a very small number of studies and research, which mainly focus on measuring and assessing the impact of digital transformation on individual countries and perform a comparative analysis of technological development in those countries. Also, analyses are mainly based on identifying similarities and differences between countries or ranking countries according to adopted evaluation criteria using different digitization indices. A step forward in this research is the application of the DEA window method for measuring the relative efficiency of the use of ICT in enterprises, and the development of a model that can be extended if necessary with indicators for which data are available.
The measurement and evaluation of performance are critical for the efficient and effective functioning of the economic system, because this allows for the analysis of the extent to which the defined objectives are achieved. Organizational performance is measured by different methods, both quantitative and qualitative. Many of the known methods for the evaluation and measurement of organizational performance take into account only financial indicators, while ignoring the non-financial ones. The integration of both indicators, through the combined application of multiple methods and the comparison of their results, should provide a more complete and objective picture of organizational performance. The Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) is a formal framework for solving complex decision-making problems, as well as a systemic procedure for the hierarchical presentation of the problem elements. The Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) is a nonparametric approach based on linear programming, which allows for the calculation of the efficiency of decision-making units within a group of organizations. The work is an illustration of the method and framework of the combined use of the multi-criteria analysis methods for the measurement and evaluation of the performance of higher education institutions in the Republic of Serbia. The advantages of this approach are reflected in overcoming the shortcomings of a partial application of the AHP and the DEA methods by utilizing a new, hybrid, DEAHP (Data Envelopment Analytic Hierarchy Process) method. Performance evaluation through an integrated application of the AHP and the DEA methods provides more objective results and more reliable solutions to the observed problem, thus creating a valuable information base for high-quality strategic decision making in higher education institutions, both at the national level and at the level of individual institutions.Keywords: multi-criteria analysis, analytic hierarchy process, data envelopment analysis, organizational performance, higher education JEL Classification: C44, C61, D81, I23 Organizational performance is, in general, multidimensional and influenced by a number of factors, such as financial factors, as the indicators of the financial position of the organization, strategic qualitative factors, which determine the internal activities of the organization and their relationship with the market and economic factors, including the business environment, etc. The aggregation of all these factors into a composite, overall performance measure is a subjective and complex process depending on the value and preference systems of decision makers in the decision-making process. Creating a performance measurement system is, therefore, a complex task, and what is to be considered as an optimal performance measurement system will vary from one case to another (Tangen, 2005). In this regard, it is important to understand how performance measurement systems are developed and integrated into organizations' management models. These findings are fully cons...
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