The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) affected virtually all countries. Uncertain about the health risk and an increasing financial loss will contribute to widespread emotional distress and an increased risk of psychiatric disorders shortly. Posttraumatic, anxiety, and depression disorders are expected during and aftermath of the pandemic. Some groups, like children, have more susceptibility to having long term consequences in mental health. Herein, we made a comprehensive and non-systematic search in four databases (PubMed, Scopus, SciELO, and Google Scholars) to answer the question: What are children's and adolescents' mental health effects of the pandemic? Furthermore, which features are essential for mental health in a pandemic? Results: Seventy-seven articles were selected for full text read, and 51 were included. Children answer stress differently, depending on the development stage. High rates of anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic symptoms were identified among children. Discussion: Symptoms were as expected. New supportive strategies have appeared during this pandemic, but there is no measure of its effectiveness. Some groups seem to be more vulnerable to the mental health burden of the COVID-19 pandemic, and the mitigation actions should prioritize them. The school's role appears to be revalued by society. This review seems to pick good targets to prioritize mitigation actions aiming to spare children not only from the severe cases of COVID-19 but also to help them to deal with the mental health burden of the pandemics.

Experimental studies clearly support the anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic effects of ACE2/ Ang-(1-7)/Mas axis. Clinical studies, especially phase III and IV trials, will be necessary to establish the therapeutic role of ACE2/Ang-(1-7)/Mas axis in controlling inflammation in different human diseases.

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One of the major chronic complications of sickle cell disease (SCD) is sickle cell nephropathy. The aim of this review is to discuss the pathophysiology, natural history, clinical manifestations, risk factors, biomarkers and therapeutic approaches for sickle cell nephropathy, focusing on studies with pediatric patients. The earliest manifestation of renal disease is an increase in the glomerular filtration rate. A finding that may also be observed in early childhood is microalbuminuria. Nephrin, KIM-1, VGFs, chemokines and renin-angiotensin system molecules have emerged as potential early markers of renal dysfunction in SCD. In regards to a therapeutic approach, renin-angiotensin system inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers seem to be effective for the control of albuminuria in adults with SCD, although new studies in children are needed. The precise moment to begin renoprotection in SCD patients who should be treated remains to be determined.

In the version of Fig. 4b initially published, there was a calculation error in the estimates of shared environmental variance (c 2 ) for MaTCH functional domains. For all MaTCH functional domains except the 'all traits' functional domain, the estimate of c 2 was calculated with monozygotic twin correlation (r MZ ) and dizygotic twin correlation (r DZ ) for each functional domain provided by the MaTCH website (http://match.ctglab.nl/). The c 2 value should have been estimated as c 2 = 2r DZ -r MZ but, owing to a coding error, was erroneously estimated as c 2 = 2r DZ -r DZ . The c 2 estimate for the 'all traits' functional domain was correct in the version of the article initially published, and therefore no conclusions are affected; however, the contribution of c 2 among MaTCH functional domains is decreased. The authors thank G. Gibson and M. Nordborg for pointing out the error.To correct this error, Fig. 4 has been revised to include corrected c 2 estimates in the data in panel b as well as to include the numbers of phenotypes in both the CaTCH and MaTCH functional domains in the y axes of panels a and b. The number of phenotypes for each MaTCH functional domain in Fig. 4 is based on the number of phenotypes for which h 2 and c 2 were estimated with twin correlation (r MZ and r DZ ) taken from the MaTCH website. The total numbers of phenotypes within each MaTCH functional domain where h 2 /c 2 were estimated with either twin correlation or variance component models (ACE) and can be found in Supplementary Table 1. The legend of Fig. 4 has been revised to include descriptions of the red and blue values and a description of the numbers of phenotypes in the y axes in panels a and b. In the Results section, the description of Fig. 4b reading "For c 2 , the 95% CI from CaTCH estimates overlapped with the 95% CI from the MaTCH estimates for only the infection domain (Fig. 4b)" has been changed to "For c 2 , the 95% CI from CaTCH estimates overlapped with the 95% CI from the MaTCH estimates for 11 out of 21 functional domains, namely cardiovascular, dermatological, endocrine, gastrointestinal, hematological, immunological, infection, metabolic, psychiatric, reproduction, and skeletal functional domains (Fig. 4b). "

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