The reddish-brown, brown or yellowish stains of circular or irregular shape known as foxing spots have been fully described in conservation literature but still, this phenomenon does not find any scientific agreement since many hypotheses have been raised concerning their origin. In this work a contribution to foxing definition not only focussed on its appearance but also reported on its chemical information. For this purpose foxing stains present in drawings from two Portuguese artists dated from the eighteenth to nineteenth centuries were observed under ultra-violet light and optical microscope and analysed by three non-invasive spectroscopy techniques. The observations carried out on the stains provided information on their surface morphology. The use of energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence revealed a variation on the elemental content between foxing and paper region. Although the results from X-ray diffraction analysis showed no signs of cellulose degradation in foxing stains, Fourier-transformed infrared analysis revealed the presence of oxide groups. Both the information on the chemical nature and surface morphology of the stains achieved in this study will contribute to increase foxing formation information and develop future protocols for conservation purposes.
Three surveys on the occurrence of foxing stains were carried out on papers dating from 1560 to 1975 in three Portuguese collections. Foxed papers were found to be more intensely and intrusively stained in certain time periods of each collection. Based on historical data and on the professional paper conservation experience, the authors linked the increased occurrence of foxing stains in certain time periods to the new papermaking processes and materials, which began to be introduced in the late 18th century, and in particular to a synergistic effect between three factors: the use of deficient gelatine sizing which began to present a poorer quality and homogeneity, the presence of iron-containing impurities throughout the paper leaf and a distinct sorbency of moisture. Observing batches of morphologically similar papers by using photographic imaging with different types of light sources and incidences, the authors verified that similar papers present similar foxing stains.
Objetivo do estudo: Analisar os sentimentos dos conteúdos gerados pelos usuários no Instagram, expressos em hashtags vinculadas à marca Pernambuco. objetivos específicos: realizar a análise de sentimentos dos usuários do Instagram a partir de hashtags relacionadas à marca Pernambuco; analisar o conteúdo atrelado aos sentimentos e suas polaridades.Metodologia/abordagem: Orientação metodológica de natureza qualitativa, no que tange a classificação de dados e quantitativa, considerando a frequência de dados. Para alcance dos objetivos, foi empreendida uma Análise de Sentimentos (AS) a partir dos comentários gerados no Instagram utilizando as hashtags #turismopernambuco, #descubrapernambuco, #borapernambucar, #passaportepernambuco e #pernambucomeupais.Principais resultados: Os conteúdos compartilhados nas hashtags possuem majoritariamente a valorização de aspectos ambientais, culturais e valores simbólicos da marca lugar nos sentimentos de polaridade positiva, reverberando na rede de interessados (residentes, turistas, governo e empresas), à medida que os sentimentos de polaridade negativa podem emergir diante de situações pontuais do contexto.Contribuições teóricas/metodológicas: Os achados colaboram de forma significativa para o desenvolvimento sustentável e suporte às estratégias contemporâneas acerca da concepção da marca lugar, levando em conta a perspectiva do residente e visitante em potencial.Relevância/originalidade: Uso de machine learning com o objetivo de compreender os valores que constituem a marca Pernambuco, possibilitando o alicerce de políticas públicas para o fomento do turismo na região.Implicações para a gestão ou sociais: Sugere-se que os estudos utilizando análise de sentimentos dos conteúdos dos usuários nas redes sociais, possam ser utilizados pelos gestores públicos para entender o comportamento do turista, por meio de pesquisa-ação, preparando e adaptando melhor o destino, a partir dos dados e informações obtidas.
OBJECTIVES: To describe the main impacts of physical inactivity, increased screen time, and violence against children on the psychological and cognitive development supported by changes in habits during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS: A narrative review of the literature with publications from 2012 to 2021 was conducted based on data from the U.S. National Library of Medicine (PubMed) and from the Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO). The following keywords were used: “Child Behavior”; “Screen time”; “Covid-19”; “Sedentary behavior” e “Domestic Violence”. RESULTS: An intensification of the use of electronic devices, increased rates of child abuse and children’s physical inactivity during the COVID-19 pandemic was observed. CONCLUSION: Social isolation due to the COVID-19 pandemic resulted in the aggravation of pre-existing problems in children, such as increased screen time, physical inactivity and violence against children.
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