One goal of a public health surveillance system is to provide a reliable forecast of epidemiological time series. This paper describes a study that used data collected through a national public health surveillance system in the United States to evaluate and compare the performances of a seasonal autoregressive integrated moving average (SARIMA) and a dynamic linear model (DLM) for estimating case occurrence of two notifiable diseases. The comparison uses reported cases of malaria and hepatitis A from January 1980 to June 1995 for the United States. The residuals for both predictor models show that they were adequate tools for use in epidemiological surveillance. Qualitative aspects were considered for both models to improve the comparison of their usefulness in public health. Our comparison found that the two forecasting modelling techniques (SARIMA and DLM) are comparable when long historical data are available (at least 52 reporting periods). However, the DLM approach has some advantages, such as being more easily applied to different types of time series and not requiring a new cycle of identification and modelling when new data become available.
SG and GB were equally effective in promoting weight loss after 90 days. However, whereas SG was associated with better early remission rates for hypertension, GB was more effective in fasting blood glucose control but not in HOMA-IR and HbA1c levels. There was no difference in the protein or vitamin deficiencies of the two groups.
Resumo -O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a composição e a diversidade de fungos micorrízicos arbusculares (FMA) em áreas em processo de revegetação na região de Porto Trombetas, PA. Coletaram-se amostras compostas de solo em revegetação com 2, 4, 6, 12 e 16 anos, em subsolo exposto sem vegetação e em floresta primária, nos meses de agosto de 1998 (estação seca) e abril de 1999 (estação chuvosa). Os esporos de FMA foram extraídos e identificados taxonomicamente. Analisou-se a densidade relativa, a freqüência de cada espécie e os índices de Shannon-Wiener e de Simpson. Os resultados indicaram que a densidade de esporos de FMA não diferiu significativamente em razão da estação do ano. O número de espécies foi maior no período seco, na floresta primária e na área revegetada aos 2 anos de idade. Entre as espécies de FMA recuperadas, Glomus macrocarpum e Acaulospora mellea foram as que apresentaram maior ocorrência. A diversidade de espécies de FMA foi mais alta e a dominância de espécies foi mais baixa na área revegetada com 2 anos de idade. O retorno do horizonte superficial orgânico com o plantio de mudas micorrizadas é uma prática eficiente para a produção de esporos em subsolo resultante da mineração de bauxita.Termos para indexação: micorriza vesicular-arbuscular, esporo, revegetação, recuperação ambiental. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi occurrence in revegetated areas after bauxite mining at Porto Trombetas, Pará State, BrazilAbstract -The objective of this study was to evaluate the structure and diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in revegetated areas at Porto Trombetas, Pará, Brazil. Composite samples were collected in August (dry season) and April (wet season) in areas with top soil after 2, 4, 6, 12 and 16 years of revegetation, in area without the top soil or vegetation, and in a pristine forest. The AMF spores were extracted, and the species identified. The relative density and frequency of occurrence of each species, the Shannon-Wiener and Simpson indexes were calculated. The results indicated that the density of AMF spores did not differ significantly with season. However, the number of AMF species was significantly higher in the dry season at the pristine forest and in the area two years after revegetation. Among the AMF species, Glomus macrocarpum and Acaulospora mellea were represented in higher numbers. After two years of planting, the diversity was highest and the dominance of AMF species was lowest. The addition of top soil with the planting of mycorrhizal seedlings were efficient to colonize areas with AMF after open cast bauxite mining.Index terms: vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizae, spores, revegetation, environmental recovery.(1) Aceito para publicação em 27 de outubro de 2003. IntroduçãoA mineração de bauxita no Estado do Pará destacase economicamente, apesar de causar grande impacto ambiental decorrente da remoção da cobertura vegetal e das camadas superficiais do solo. Uma das estratégi-as de recuperação dessas áreas é a reposição do horizonte superficial orgânico sobre o subs...
The aim of this study was to identify the presence of Helicobacter sp. in the gastric mucosa of captive marmosets (Callithrix sp.). Histologic specimens from the fundic, corpus, and antral gastric regions of six Callithrix jacchus, 12 C. kuhli, and 12 C. geoffroyi specimens were evaluated. The sections were stained with hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) and the Warthin-Starry silver impregnation method, and immunostained with rabbit anti-H. pylori polyclonal antibody. Helicobacter-like organisms (HLOs) and coccoid forms were present in silver-stained sections from 29 stomachs, whereas immunohistochemistry (IHC) tests revealed bacterial aggregates in 15 stomachs. No statistical difference relative to the presence of Helicobacter sp. was found among the gastric regions or marmoset species. Gastric lesions were found in the groups of marmosets that had positive and negative IHC results, but no correlation between inflammation and Helicobacter sp. infection was established. These findings demonstrate that marmosets are susceptible to naturally-occurring Helicobacter sp. infection, and open the way to the development of comparative studies on Helicobacter sp. infection in humans.
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