Abstract-Modern implementations of discrete-time phaselocked loops (DT-PLLs) often contain delayed feedback. The delays are usually a side effect to pipelining, filtering, or other inner-loop mechanisms. Each delay increases the order of the system by introducing an additional pole to the closed-loop transfer function, and in many cases, makes the traditional type-2 loop equations obsolete. This paper describes how the secondorder notions of damping and natural frequency can be applied to type-2 DT-PLLs in the presence of any number of delays. It provides equations for loop parameters that will provide a desired transient behavior based on damping and natural frequency, along with a test to ensure the accuracy of the results. The novelty of this work is that loop parameters can be found in closedform and ensured to be accurate, without the need for human interaction, simulations, or numerical root-finding algorithms.
PURPOSE:
To evaluate the impact of utilizing a standardized operative skills checklist on medical student and physician-educator experience.
BACKGROUND:
As gynecological surgeries become more minimally invasive, medical students are left watching surgeries on operating room screen and may not be actively engaged in the surgery. To re-engage the medical student in the operating room, a gynecological operative skills checklist was created. The checklist outlined expectations for students on how to engage in the pre-operative, intra-operative, and post-operative setting based on our educational goals. We sought to understand the impact of utilizing the checklist on surgical engagement, clarity of expectations, and informal feedback for medical students and physician-educators.
METHODS:
Anonymous data were collected via an online survey from medical students who completed their OB/GYN clerkship in the year prior to implementation of the operative skills checklist and compared to surveys from students collected following the implementation. Similarly, physician-educators involved in surgical teaching were surveyed regarding their impression of medical student experience pre-implementation and six months post-implementation of the checklist.
RESULTS:
Ongoing data collection shows improvement of medical student rating of “above-average” and/or “excellent” in post-implementation surveys in the following categories: surgical engagement (83.3% vs 100%), clarity of expectations (62.5% vs 100%), and informal feedback (62.5% vs 80%). Physician-educator scores in these measures have shown similar improvement.
DISCUSSION:
Operative skills checklist digest educational goals into smaller action items. Implementation of such checklists in gynecology can improve medical student engagement, clarify student expectations, and improve informal feedback, thereby jazzing up the learning environment.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.