In response to research demonstrating limitations in Rorschach validity and reliability, Meyer, Viglione, Mihura, Erard and Erdberg (2011) have developed a new Rorschach System, R-PAS. Based on the available research findings, this system attempts to ground the Rorschach in its evidence base, improve its normative foundation, integrate international findings, reduce examiner variability, and increase utility. As this Rorschach system is new, no reliability studies have yet been produced. The present study sought to establish inter-rater reliability for the new R-PAS. 50 Rorschach records were randomly selected from ongoing research projects using R-Optimized administration. (Wood, 1996) were based on the criticism that CS inter-rater reliability was determined using percent agreement without correcting for chance. However, as noted, inter-rater reliability has been demonstrated with chance-corrected statistics, including ICC, kappa and Iota coefficients, as the most appropriate and precise statistical methods, proving early criticisms to be unfounded. Indeed, inter-rater reliability for the majority of Rorschach scores compare favorably to other published meta-analyses of inter-rater reliability in psychology, psychiatry, and medicine (Meyer, 2004). Given the wide variety of scores, scales, research projects, and systems from which good reliability has been demonstrated, one must conclude that well-trained coders should achieve acceptable, good, and often excellent inter-rater reliability for the great variety of Rorschach scores.As demonstrated by Weiner (2003), the Rorschach can be considered to be a method of generating data relevant to personality and information processing. From this perspective, various scores and scoring methods systematize the data produced during Rorschach administration, thus constituting the Rorschach as a test. As shown by the strong reliability data across different types of systems, scores, countries, and languages, this test has produced consistently strong reliability. The R-PAS includes many variables that were also used in the CS, clarifies and specifies coding instructions, and modifies a few (e.g. Sex content) to be more consistent with their interpretation. Thus, the abovereported research findings suggest that inter-rater reliability for these R-PAS variables should be strong.R-PAS also includes variables not used in the CS (
The subject of therapist's crying in therapy (TCIT) has been virtually ignored in the literature, with only 1 qualitative dissertation and 3 case studies devoted to the topic. This mixed-method survey study explored therapists' experiences with and attitude toward TCIT. Six hundred eighty-four U.S. psychologists and trainees filled out the survey online, revealing that 72% of therapists report having cried in therapy in their role as therapist. Data analysis indicated that the act of crying in therapy has less to do with personality or demographic factors (i.e., Big Five traits, empathy, sex) and more to do with the unique aspects of the therapy itself and the therapist's identity in the therapeutic context (theoretical orientation, clinical experience, affective tone of the session). Clinicians with more experience, who are older, cried more in therapy than novice clinicians, despite lower crying frequency in daily life, suggesting that more experienced therapists feel more comfortable allowing themselves to experience and/or express such emotions in therapy sessions. Psychodynamic therapists reported slightly higher rates of TCIT than cognitive-behavioral therapists despite no differences in crying in daily life. Despite significant differences in crying rates in daily life, male and female clinicians report similar rates of TCIT. Data regarding the relationship between TCIT and Big Five personality traits, empathy, and perceived consequences of TCIT are reported.
Therapists who discuss their TCIT with clients tended to report improvement in rapport. Suggestions are offered for clinicians regarding how to work with TCIT in therapy sessions.
The majority of psychologists cry in their role as therapists but no research has explored training or supervision in relation to this topic. Psychologists and trainees (N = 686) filled out a survey on therapist crying in therapy. Almost all (96.5%) reported that psychologists should be trained on how to handle their emotions, but only 36.4% reported receiving training on therapist crying. Half of all respondents reported having discussed crying with a supervisor; one third had never discussed their most recent tears with anyone. Suggestions are offered for supervisors in order to manage discussion of TCIT in psychotherapists' training. Keywords: therapist crying, tears, emotional expressions, supervision, training, consultationTCIT: SUPERVISION AND TRAINING 3 When Therapists Cry: Implications for Supervision and TrainingPsychologists cry in therapy. In 1987, Pope, Tabachnick, and Keith-Spiegel published results of a survey on which 57% of their 456 psychotherapist respondents reported that they had cried in the presence of a client. More recently, Blume-Marcovici, Stolberg and Khademi (2013) reported that 72% of psychologists and psychology trainees had cried at least once during a therapy session with a client. Findings from these studies indicate that the majority of psychologists and psychology trainees will experience therapist crying in therapy (hereafter, TCIT) at some point in their career. Indeed, research reports that those therapists who cry in therapy cry in approximately 7% of therapy sessions (Blume-Marcovici et al., 2013). Compared to prior research that has found clients to cry in approximately 21% of therapy sessions (Trezza, Hastrup, & Kim, 1988), these numbers allow us to estimate that therapists cry in therapy approximately one third as often as their clients, though this percentage does not account for intensity or duration of tears.Researchers have found that therapists are most likely to cry when session content focuses on grief, trauma, and termination of therapy (Blume-Marcovici, Stolberg, & Khademi, 2015), and that the most commonly reported emotions the therapist felt when crying in therapy are sadness, emotionally "touched," warmth, and loss (Blume-Marcovici et al., 2015). Although most of the time therapists reported that their tears were focused on the client, in 16% of cases therapists reported that their tears were related to their own (i.e., the therapist's) personal circumstance (Blume-Marcovici et al., 2015). And, although 82% of therapists reported that they believed TCIT helped the client feel that his/her therapist genuinely cared, 69% expressed concern that TCIT would cause the client to feel that the therapist would not be able to handle the client's emotion (Blume-Marcovici et al., 2013). Despite the fact that the majority of TCIT: SUPERVISION AND TRAINING 4 therapists believe TCIT can impact the therapy -in both positive and negative ways -no research exists regarding training, supervision, or consultation on TCIT.Given that the number of behaviors on which a s...
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.