Sardinella sindensis is one of the dominant small pelagic fish of Karachi coast of Pakistan. Investigation on fecundity of sind sardinella was studied from January 2001 to April 2002. A total of 37 ovaries were examined of stages IV-VI (when not running). Mean fecundity ranged from 47521 to 110876 eggs. Log-log relationship between fecundity with total body-length, fish-weight & ovary weight were correlated. Therefore it may be mentioned that the fecundity is generally proportional to the size of the ovary, which in turn is related to the size of the fish. The mean number of ova/g body weight and mean number of ova/g ovary weight were found to be 2425.250 and 9537.855 respectively. The gonads were two lobed; the left lobe was more fecund than the right one.

The sex ratio & Gonadosomatic index of sind sardine, Sardinella sindensis (Day, 1878) of Karachi coast, Pakistan were investigated. Sardinella sindensis had sex ratio of 1: 1.25 (male to female). The difference in sex ratio was not significantly different (p > 0.05) from the expected theoretically 1: 1 distribution except April 2002. The highest Gonadosomatic index value in males during June -August were 3.813 to 4.078, while in females the high values during June -August were found to be 3.157 to 5.616, which suggested the spawning period. The highest GSI value in males were 2.548 to 2.711 in size groups of 170 -199Mm and the lowest GSI value were 0.627 -0.746 recorded in 110 -129Mm, while in females at high values were 3.769 to 4.550 in 180 -209 Mm Size groups and the lowest GSI values were 0.686 to 1.064 in 100 -139 Mm size groups. The results will increase our knowledge of reproductive biology of Sardinella sindensis which is relevant for fisheries and aquaculture management as well as breeding programmes.

The effects of temperature and carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) changes on different haematological parameters and enzymes activities such as on LDH (Lactate de Hydrogenase), MDH (Malate de Hydrogenase) & GST (Glutathione-STransferase) were studied in the liver and skeletal muscles of Tambaqui fish (Collosoma macropomum, Cuvier, 1818) in the Laboratory of Ecophysiology and Molecular Evolution (LEEM) of the National Institute for Amazonian Research (INPA). The experimental procedures involved the exposure of fish to temperature rise from 28Cº to 32Cº and an increased in CO 2 concentration up to 10 times higher than the current levels for 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours. The levels of LDH, GST and MDH in both the tissues of Tambaqui (Muscles & Liver) showed a significant decreased at different along the different exposure periods. The levels of plasma glucose in blood decreased and the values of Hb, Ht, RBC, VCM, and HCM & CHCM showed increased after the exposure.

The present study is based on some analytical studies of diversity, population status, Threats and conservation status of the black pond freshwater turtle, Geoclemys hamiltonii of Pakistan. Illegal international trade of the Black Spotted Turtle has escalated in the past few years which are indicated by seizure data in South and South-east Asian countries. Bangkok is one of the major destined for illegal trade in East Asia. International smuggling occurs predominantly by passengers using commercial airlines concealing animals in their baggage. Black Spotted Turtle smuggling could be part of this overall pattern of demand. Although some of the seizures resulted in arrests, few successful prosecutions of smugglers have been reported. Efforts supporting enforcement and prosecution are recommended to raise awareness of this issue and address poaching and illegal export of Black Spotted Turtles, with specific priority in Pakistan, Bangladesh, India and Nepal. Formal Memorandums of Understanding (MOUs) are strongly encouraged between governments of countries and territories along the trade route of Bangladesh, India, Pakistan, Thailand, Hong Kong and Taiwan to improve cross border enforcement.

A study was conducted on the histological structure, morphology of gonads and spermatogenesis of testes of the striped piggy fish, Pomadasys stridens from Karachi coast of Pakistan. The reproductive biology of grunt fishes, and the Pomadasys stridens in particular, is not well understood with respect to functional morphology and histology of the gonads in relation to sexual maturity. In the course of an investigation of the genetic variability of Pomadasys stridens, differences in morphology were observed between the right and left gonad of male and female fish and the size of the fat body associated with the gonads. Histological examinations were made to determine the relationship between these morphological differences and the reproductive state of the gonads. Findings made from this paper are gonad morphology, histology, and spermatogenesis and relate them to the reproductive biology of this species.