Mercury (Hg) is a toxic heavy metal, and the reported effects of exposure on liver function continue to be inconsistent. The objective of our study was to identify correlations between high blood Hg levels and liver enzymes in a pan-India population including adults ≥19 years of age. This retrospective study analyzed the data from 95,398 individuals tested for blood Hg levels and liver enzymes in our national laboratory. Testing for blood Hg was done by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry, while testing for liver enzymes—aspartate aminotransferase (AST/SGOT), alanine aminotransferase (ALT/SGPT), and gamma-glutamyl transferase—was done by automated photometry systems. Data from all the individuals inclusive of 52,497 males and 42,901 females were studied. The frequency of high blood Hg levels (>5 µg/L) was found to be 0.6%, and the difference between males and females was not found to be significant. Further correlation by linear regression analysis found no relationship between high blood Hg levels and liver enzymes among females. However, among males, there was a significant correlation between high blood Hg levels, and increased AST as well as ALT. Our report suggested that for males but not females, Hg exposure may be one of the differentials for elevated liver enzymes.
collection were recorded. SA parameters included volume, concentration, % motility, % normal morphology (strict Kruger criteria) and total motile count (TMC). Seasons were determined by date of collection: winter (December-February), spring (March-May), summer (June-August), fall (September-November). Data were analyzed using an ANOVA, Chi square, and multivariate linear regression.RESULTS: A total of 112,301 SA samples from 28,865 patients were processed. Baseline characteristics are shown in table 1. Oligospermia was highest among fall samples (26.2%, p¼0.007). TMC (117.7 AE 112.6 million (M) sperm/mL, p<0.0001), total concentration (69.9 AE 76.3 M sperm, p<0.0001), and percent motility (56.4 AE16.7%, p<0.0001) were highest in the spring, and % normal morphology was greatest in the fall (5.1 AE 3.1%, p<0.0001). TMC (b¼-7.5, p¼0.0009), total concentration (b¼-2.4, p¼0.03) and morphology (b¼-0.27%, p¼0.63) were lower in the summer compared with winter, after adjusting for confounders. TMC (b¼98.0, p¼0.0003) and motility was higher in the spring (b¼-0.27%, p¼0.63) and TMC (b¼5.4 million, p¼0.01) and morphology (b¼0.33%, p<0.0001) were higher in the fall compared with winter after accounting for covariates.CONCLUSIONS: This study is the largest evaluating seasonal variability in semen parameters. Semen quality is decreased in summer and mildly improved in fall/spring compared to winter. Higher environmental temperatures in the summer may impair testicular thermoregulation, spermatogenesis, DNA synthesis and repair. Seasonal variation in physical activity, BMI, sleep patterns, light exposure and melatonin levels may also impact hormone levels and semen parameters. We suggest providers counsel patients about the potential variations in SA samples based on season of collection.
Introduction: Anti-Mullerian Hormone (AMH) is considered to be a sensitive biological indicator of the ovarian reserve among women. Produced by the granulosa cells in the ovary, AMH is also considered to be a good biochemical marker to time menopause, apart from being monitored during treatment of certain ovarian tumors. Our retrospective report is an attempt to study AMH levels across different age-groups between 18 – 50 years of age and present age-related changes in levels. Methods: Serum AMH estimation was done in a total of 219,227 Asian Indian women using the chemiluminescent immunoassay technology. Results: Our analysis of different age-groups with AMH levels detected a declining trend and a significant drop in levels was recorded between ages 19 – 20 years and 35 – 36 years of age at p<0.05. Conclusion: Our report is an attempt to present age-effect on AMH levels in a pan-India cohort of Asian Indian women and analysis detected a negative correlation between age and AMH levels.
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