Background: Menstruation is part of the female reproductive cycle starts when girls become sexually mature at the time of puberty.. A visually challenged female faces daily extra challenges for bearing their everyday skills including menstruation hygiene management. Hygienic practices during menstruation are very important as poor menstruation affects the health by increasing vulnerability to infections This study aims to assess the knowledge and practices regarding menstruation among the visually challenged female students. Methods: This cross sectional study was conducted among 121 visually challenged female students of Western Nepal who have attained the menarche. Census method was used. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to interpret the data. Results: The mean age was 17.65 years and their age of menarche was 12.7 years. 66% falls under blindness category and 34.0% had low vision.52.9% knew about menstruation before menarche and mother was main source of information. Overall,48.8% had good knowledge and 52.1% had satisfactory practice. Knowledge and practice were statistically significant among the visually challenged female students at p<0.05. Conclusion:In Western part of Nepal,Majority follow some forms of restriction poses in family in any forms like restriction to involve in holy activities; avoid sleeping in the bed, performing household activities. Hence, in order to break the silence of taboos,school going visually challenged students should be educated about the facts of menstruation and good hygienic practices.

Substance use disorders refers to the abuse of alcohol, illicit drugs, or substances such as over-thecounter medicines, medicines from unsupervised ordinary retail purchase, or even through prescription. It causes significant health problems and functional impairments such as disability and failure to meet responsibilities at work, school, or home. Common substance use disorders are use of alcohol, tobacco, cannabis (marijuana), stimulants, hallucinogens, sedatives, hypnotics, opioids, etc. Objective: To assess prevalence of substance use disorders and effectiveness of educational package on spreading knowledge about substance use disorders among adolescents in selected schools in Lekhnath, Nepal. Methodology: Pre experimental one group pretest and posttest design was used for the study. Non-probability convenience sampling technique was adopted for sampling. For the study, total of 155 adolescents studying in classes 9 and 10 were selected from schools in Lekhnath, Nepal. Self administered structured questionnaire was used to collect data. Data obtained were entered in Microsoft Excel and analyzed using statistical tool SPSS 16.0.  Result: Among 155 adolescents, 97.40% had heard of substance use disorders. 62.24% of people received the information about substance use disorders via mass media. Family members of 16.8% of samples were engaged in some kind of substance use disorders. 1.90% of sample students drank alcohol, who all happened to be male of age 15-16 years age group. In pretest, more than half (69.70%) of the adolescents had inadequate knowledge about substance use disorders. On the other hand, in the posttest, more than one third of adolescents (37.4%) had adequate knowledge and less than twothird adolescents (58.1%) had moderate knowledge on substance use disorders. The paired ‘t’ test was found to be significant on knowledge level (t=23.76 at 1% level).Only caste/ethnicity of demographical variable was found to be associated with pretest knowledge regarding substance use disorders (F= 3.495 at 5% level, p=0.033). Conclusion: The study concluded that adolescents are in great risk for substance use disorders. After educating on substance use disorders, adolescents gained adequate knowledge regarding the disorder. Study supports that educational package was effective in improving the level of knowledge regarding substance use disorders among adolescents

The research entitled “Value chain analysis of fish in Karaiyamai Rural Municipality, Bara district of Nepal” was conducted in 2020 focusing on the chain of actors involved in supplying inputs to the farmers and thereby supplying finished product to the ultimate consumers through various market intermediaries. The survey research design was used for the study where respondents (60 farmers of Karaiyamai Rural Municipality and 15 traders of Jeetpursimara Sub-Metropolitan City) were selected using simple random sampling techniques. Primary data was collected using pre-tested semi-structured questionnaire and secondary data were obtained from various articles and related documents. Descriptive statistics and indexing techniques were used for the analysis of data for which MS-Excel and SPSS-23 were used. Average cost of production was NRs. 996516.92/ha. The average productivity of fish in the study area was highest (7024.42 Kg/ha) than the national average productivity (4920 Kg/ha), and district average (5298 Kg/ha). Various production and marketing problems were faced by respondents as untimely availability of inputs, poor water supply units, and poor storage facilities. Despite these problems, the fish production was a profitable business (B: C ratio: 2.01) with high gross margin value. The marketing channel of input suppliers – producers – wholesalers – retailers – consumers was found effective. There was a low marketing margin and higher producer share on the retail price that indicates an efficient market system. Hereby, the study of value chain actors and construction of value chain map symbolizes; there are good prospects of fisheries business with commercialization and risky but profitable enterprise.

Background: Chhaupadi practice, which is characterized by banishment of women during menstruation from their usual residence due to supposed impurity. The Chhaupadi custom is also known as ‘chhue’or ‘bahirhunu’ in Dadeldhura,Baitadi and Darchula,as Chhaupadi in Acham, and as ‘chaukulla’or ‘chhaukudi’in Bajhang district.The aim of the study was to find out Socio demographic factors associated with Chhaupadi practices among adolescence girls of Mangalsen Municipality, Acham Nepal. Methods: The community based descriptive cross-sectional study using face to face interview was carried out in Mangalsen Municipality, Acham Nepal. 221 adolescence girls (10-19) years were selected by simple random sampling. The total duration of data collection was one month from 2074/01/07 to 2074/02/08. Data were collected using self-designed semi structured questionnaire. Collected data were manually checked then entered into IBM SPSS version 20.0 for Window. We used Pearsons chi-square test is used to investigate the effect of Socio-demographic variable on Chhaupadi practices during last menstruation period of adolescent. Results: Among 221 adolescent girls, there were 84.2 %(186) of the respondents were kept in Chhaupadi or slept at Chhau goth during entire last time menstrual period, Socio-demographic characteristics such as age (χ2=8.997, 0.001), mother educational level(χ2= 6.80, p=0.033), occupational status of respondent’s mother (χ2=4.20, p=0.04) ,type of family(χ2=5.20, p=0.022) were found to be significantly associated with Chhaupadi practice . Conclusions: Majority of the adolescent girls are still practicing Chhaupadi during menstrual period. Chhaupadi practice continues to exits in community because of illetracy,traditional belief system.To abolish Chhaupadi practice awareness and education at community level is required.

Health insurance is emerging as the most preferred form of the health financing mechanism. Higher dropout puts a threat to governments target (Social health security program) of 100% enrolment by 2030.This study aimed at accessing the factors associated with current SHI status (renew or dropout) in Bharatpur metropolitan city. The community based descriptive cross-sectional study using face to face interview was carried out in Bharatpur Metropolitan city, Chitwan. Total 342 household heads that have enrolled in Social Health Insurance for past year are considered as a sample to describe the Renewal status among SHI Enroll household. We used Pearson’s chi-square test to investigate the effect of some explanatory variables on renewal and dropout status of SHI. Among 342 household enroll SHI scheme, there were 203(59.4%) Renewed for next year and 139(40.6%) household dropout SHI Scheme. Results shows that current status of SHI (renew or dropout) differ significantly with Sex of household head (P< 0.01), education status (P<0.01), family type (P < 0.01), highest level of education in family (P < 0.01)), presence of children (P < 0.001), presence of pregnant women in family (P = 0.009), presence of ageing population in family (P < 0.001), Disability in family (P = 0.016), Chronic disease in family (P < 0.01). The study concluded that the influence factors for Renew or Dropout status of SHI were: type of family, household education status, presence of children, pregnant women in family, the ageing population in family, presence of disability and chronic disease in the family.