Ni-doped SnO2 nanoparticles
were synthesized by a coprecipitation
route and showed superior properties for a series of different applications.
The 1 atom % Ni-doped SnO2 NPs exhibited excellent electrochemical
performance as supercapacitors to deliver a specific capacitance of
793 F g–1 at an applied current density of 2.5 A
g–1 in a KOH electrolyte while retaining its capacitance
over 1250 cycles. The energy-dependent (100, 150, and 200 μJ)
nonlinear absorption behavior of the Ni-doped SnO2 NPs
was investigated and found to be due to the effective two-photon absorption
with free carrier absorption. A clad-modified fiber-optic gas-sensor
setup was used to sense the ammonia at ambient temperature. Further,
the photocatalytic degradation of Rhodamine B, Congo red, and Direct
red dyes by the Ni-doped SnO2 NPs was examined under visible-light
irradiation.
Third-order nonlinear
optical (NLO) properties of undoped and C–N–S doped
TiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) were investigated using the Z-scan
technique in the nanosecond (ns) and femtosecond (fs) regimes. Undoped
TiO2 NPs exhibited reverse saturable absorption (RSA) behavior
with both ns and fs laser pulse excitation, whereas C–N–S-doped
TiO2 NPs demonstrated switch over from RSA to saturable
absorption (RSA → SA) behavior with fs excitation. Our detailed
NLO studies have clearly demonstrated the tunable nonlinear absorption
behavior of C–N–S-doped TiO2 NPs. Such versatile
tunability is important for various practical applications. The interesting
nonlinear absorption (NLA) properties of these NPs are attributed
to the interplay between ground and excited state absorption of the
free carriers. The results obtained with ns laser excitation demonstrated
that the nonlinear absorption coefficient (β) and nonlinear
refractive index (n
2) for these materials
varied with input irradiance, thus indicating the possibility of higher
order nonlinearity (free–carrier effect) occurrence rather
than third-order nonlinearity alone. C–N–S-doped TiO2 nanoparticles exhibited large magnitude for β and n
2 with values of 2.1 × 10–10 m/W and 15.4 × 10–17 m2/W, respectively,
with ns excitation. Further, the samples were tested for nonlinearity
with continuous wave (cw) excitation as heat-induced refractive index
changes were observed for the samples with cw laser excitation at
532 nm. The room temperature ferromagnetism (RTFM) was observed in
both undoped and C–N–S doped TiO2 NPs. Undoped
rutile TiO2 exhibited ∼6.9-fold enhancement in RTFM
as compared to the anatase phase of C–N–S-doped TiO2 NPs.
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