Absolute abundances (concentrations) of dinoflagellate cysts are often determined through the addition of Lycopodium clavatum marker-grains as a spike to a sample before palynological processing. An interlaboratory calibration exercise was set up in order to test the comparability of results obtained in different laboratories, each using its own preparation method. Each of the 23 laboratories received the same amount of homogenized splits of four Quaternary sediment samples. The samples originate from different localities and consisted of a variety of lithologies. Dinoflagellate cysts were extracted and counted, and relative and absolute abundances were calculated. The relative abundances proved to be fairly reproducible, notwithstanding a need for taxonomic calibration. By contrast, excessive loss of Lycopodium spores during sample preparation resulted in non-reproducibility of absolute abundances. Use of oxidation, KOH, warm acids, acetolysis, mesh sizes larger than 15 µm and long ultrasonication (N 1 min) must be avoided to determine reproducible absolute abundances. The results of this work therefore indicate that the dinoflagellate cyst worker should make a choice between using the proposed standard method which circumvents critical steps, adding Lycopodium tablets at the end of the preparation and using an alternative method.

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Quantitative palynological, sedimentological, and geophysical data analyses of the Cretaceous Abu Tunis 1X well from the Matruh Basin, northwestern Egypt indicate deposition of four major alternating regressive-transgressive successions. Sedimentation was largely affected by the Tethyan 2nd order sea level changes, with minor overprints by regional tectonics. The Lower Cretaceous part of the succession shows regressive sequences of deltafront to delta-top (upper Hauterivian-lowermost upper Barremian), delta channel (upper Aptian-middle Albian), and distal deltaic (upper Albian) settings that were interrupted by transgressive inner-proximal middle shelf deposits (uppermost Barremian-middle Aptian). These sediment packages correspond to Tethyan sea level fall from the late Hauterivian to late Barremian, and to the early-middle Aptian long-term sea level high stand. The Tethyan late Aptian-middle Albian long-term (2nd order) sea level rise was masked by regional late Aptian-Albian uplift, which affected deposition of the later regressive sequence. The Cenomanian shows a change in depositional setting from a proximal inner shelf (lower Cenomanian) to a middle shelf setting (middle-upper Cenomanian), corresponding to the Tethyan long-term latest early-late Cenomanian sea level rise. We demonstrate that northeastern Gondwana (Egypt) experienced different climatic conditions from other parts of the Northern Gondwana Phytogeographic Province. The climate in Egypt shifted from less warm and more humid conditions of the Hauterivian-early Barremian to a warmer and drier climate during the late Barremian-middle Aptian, although never becoming as dry as western Northern Gondwana. Warmer and more humid conditions were reestablished during the late Aptian and became even more accentuated during the Albian-Cenomanian, in contrast to the warm and much drier climate of Northern Gondwana at that time. Turonian climatic conditions may have been less humid as a result of the breakup of the 2 Western Gondwanan supercontinent and the northeasterly drift of the African continent. The climatic conditions experienced in northeastern Gondwana developed through the early-mid Cretaceous as a result of changes in palaeolatitudinal position, variations in sea level, and shifts in the Intertropical Convergence Zone, which drove fluctuations between periods of warm humid and warm dry conditions.