The unprecedented growth in production and exchange of multimedia over unsecured channels is overwhelming mathematicians, scientists and engineers to realize secure and efficient cryptographic algorithms. In this paper, a color image encryption algorithm combining the KAA map with multiple chaotic maps is proposed. The proposed algorithm makes full use of Shannon's ideas of security, such that image encryption is carried out through bit confusion and diffusion. Confusion is carried out through employing 2 encryption keys. The first key is generated from the 2D Logistic Sine map and a Linear Congruential Generator, while the second key is generated from the Tent map and the Bernoulli map. Diffusion is attained through the use of the KAA map. An elaborate mathematical analysis is carried out to showcase the robustness and efficiency of the proposed algorithm, as well as its resistance to visual, statistical, differential and brute-force attacks. Moreover, the proposed image encryption algorithm is also shown to successfully pass all the tests of the NIST SP 800 suite.
The exponential growth in transmission of multimedia over the Internet and unsecured channels of communications is putting pressure on scientists and engineers to develop effective and efficient security schemes. In this paper, an image encryption scheme is proposed to help solve such a problem. The proposed scheme is implemented over three stages. The first stage makes use of Rule 30 cellular automata to generate the first encryption key. The second stage utilizes a well-tested S-box, whose design involves a transformation, modular inverses, and permutation. Finally, the third stage employs a solution of the Lorenz system to generate the second encryption key. The aggregate effect of this 3-stage process insures the application of Shannon’s confusion and diffusion properties of a cryptographic system and enhances the security and robustness of the resulting encrypted images. Specifically, the use of the PRNG bitstreams from both of the cellular automata and the Lorenz system, as keys, combined with the S-box, results in the needed non-linearity and complexity inherent in well-encrypted images, which is sufficient to frustrate attackers. Performance evaluation is carried out with statistical and sensitivity analyses, to check for and demonstrate the security and robustness of the proposed scheme. On testing the resulting encrypted Lena image, the proposed scheme results in an MSE value of 8923.03, a PSNR value of 8.625 dB, an information entropy of 7.999, NPCR value of 99.627, and UACI value of 33.46. The proposed scheme is shown to encrypt images at an average rate of 0.61 Mbps. A comparative study with counterpart image encryption schemes from the literature is also presented to showcase the superior performance of the proposed scheme.
With advancements in computer and communication technologies, the production, utilization and applications of digital images is at an unprecedented rate. Recent applications include military communications, remote sensing, novel engineering designs storage and communications, as well as medical imaging. In most cases, such images convey highly sensitive or confidential information, which creates a strong need for the design of secure and robust color image cryptosystems. Recent literature has shown that fractional-order functions exhibit improved performance over their corresponding integer-order versions. This is especially true in their use in image processing applications. In this research work, we make use of a four-dimensional (4D) hyperchaotic Chen map of fractional-order, in conjunction with a sine chaotic map and a novel hybrid DNA coding algorithm. A thorough numerical analysis is presented, showcasing the security performance and efficiency of the proposed color image cryptosystem. Performance is gauged in terms of resilience against visual, histogram, statistical, entropy, differential, as well as brute-force attacks. Mean values of the metrics computed are as follows. MSE of 9396, PSNR of 8.27 dB, information entropy of 7.997, adjacent pixel correlation coefficient of 0, NPCR of 99.62%, UACI of 33, MAE of 80.57, and a very large key space of 2 744 . The proposed image cryptosystem exhibits low computational complexity, as it encrypts images at a rate of 4.369 Mbps. Furthermore, it passes the NIST SP 800 suite of tests successfully. Comparison of the computed metrics of the proposed image cryptosystem against those reported in the stateof-the-art by counterpart algorithms show that the proposed cryptosystem exhibits comparable or superior values.
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