Appearing across Europe in the late nineteenth century, macro-nationalist movements or pan-movements -pan-Latinism among them -participated in the 'first globalisation'. During that period, European powers' new domination of a considerable part of the world gradually homogenised the planet politically and economically. In this context, the panmovements placed nationalism on a larger scale than ever before. Mining various cultural, linguistic and 'racial' criteria, each macro-nationalist movement promoted projects of supra-national integration among all German-speaking, Slavic-speaking or Romancespeaking peoples. Proposing a conceptual framework for analysing this phenomenon, this article situates macro-nationalism within nationalism's broader history, underscoring similarities and differences in relation to the dominant model of nation-state nationalism. I show how the pan-movements drew constitutive elements from different phases in nineteenth-century nationalism and became crystallised in a context marked by intensified armed conflicts and imperial rivalries. Focusing on the case of pan-Latinism, I highlight the major role played by intellectual and political elites in this ideology's development and discuss the extent of its relevance to other social classes.
Le périodique franco-italien Revue des Nations Latines (1916-1919) était orienté vers l’idéologie pan-nationaliste de la « latinité », qui consistait à prôner l’idée d’unification de tous les peuples « latins » : Français, Italiens, Espagnols, Portugais, Roumains, etc. Se développant fortement en France après la défaite de 1870, dans un contexte politique et culturel marqué par l’antigermanisme, la panlatinité fut mobilisée dans la concurrence avec l’Allemagne pour l’hégémonie politique, économique et culturelle en Europe. L’Italie était un enjeu majeur de cette concurrence : bien que marquée alors par l’influence allemande, elle semblait être naturellement disposée à un rapprochement avec la France autour de l’idéologie panlatine. Dans ce but, la France lança une propagande massive à destination de la péninsule dont l’organe, durant la Grande Guerre, défendait la collaboration franco-italienne et présentait le conflit mondial en termes de lutte culturelle et raciale entre « Latins » et « Germains ». Or l’alliance « latine » se révéla fragile lorsque surgirent des désaccords entre la France et l’Italie au sujet de la reconfiguration territoriale de l’Europe centrale. Provoquant en Italie une vague de francophobie, ces tensions condamnèrent la Revue des Nations Latines à disparaître.
Pan-Latinism, one of the nineteenth century's pan-nationalist movements, appeared in diff erent Romance-language countries. In France, it developed strongly at the turn of the nineteenth century and became a major paradigm in the vision of nationalist writers who refl ected the Germanophobia following the defeat of 1870. Nationalism, Germanophobia and pan-Latinism all grew in French intellectual circles during World War I, even among the internationalized avant-garde Parisians. Th e case of Guillaume Apollinaire is particularly revealing in this respect: infl uenced by French cultural nationalism, both as a foreigner and as an avant-garde creator, he himself adopted pan-Latinism in order to obtain cultural legitimacy. Pan-Latinism was also used by French intellectuals anxious to promote their country's infl uence in Italy and Hispanic America, namely in other 'Latin' countries. Although it never reached the stage of concrete political realization, new avatars of pan-Latinism, conveyed by the Latin Union founded in 1954, are still present in the world today.
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