M astitis is a disease of economic importance causing havoc in dairy sector throughout the world. National mastitis control program envisages minimizing spread of infection, protecting mammary gland tissue and curtailing entry of pathogens through teat orifice. Farm productivity has been limited with lack of appropriate technologies to meet location specific requirements (Kadivendi et al., 2015). Periodic assessment of milk is important to know the health status of udder (Syed et al., 2009). Dairy farmers differ in undertaking risk, seeking alternative source of employment and level of motivation in any region. The enhanced occurrence of coagulase negative staphylococci (CNS) is cause of concern (Reyher and Dohoo, 2011; El-Jakee et al., 2013). Incidence of subclinical mastitis (SCM) upto 50% in cows was reported in different regions (Gianneechini et al., 2002; Alhussien et al., 2015). In India, SCM occurs forty times more than clinical form with annual economic loss of Rs. 4365.32 crore (NAAS, 2013; Bhanderi et al., 2014). These findings reflect that SCM needs to be given adequate attention (Abrahmsen et al., Short Communication Abstract | Mastitis is an ailment of economic importance affecting livestock worldwide. Several initiatives have been initiated globally through investment of highly skilled human resource along with unconstrained financial support. The nature of disease, cost of medication, difficulties in reaching out to needy livestock population and accessibility to diagnostic facilities are main impediments. Innovations from creative individuals in similar setting can address such difficulties better. Hence, listening to farming communities will enhance the scope of intervention and leverage experimental learning in society. Indigenous livestock system sustained by outstanding traditional livestock holders can complement efforts of scientific community. Appreciating the role, mainstreaming of indigenous veterinary medications has been revitalized. However, successful evidence of communities' role in bringing out suitable researchable issues, and response to meet, share and discuss with them were limited. The study illustrates successful outcome to bring desired attention in this area. During this engagement with civil society a novel innovative medicine coded AHP/BSD/SCM in treatment of sub-clinical mastitis was evaluated and was found effective. A specific research question posed by indigenous healer provided different perspective to control mastitis. This research study offers art of engaging different stakeholders to construct a meaningful situation for expressing and implementing creative, affordable technologies. It highlights the role of society in sharing a solution that has been collectively preserved by them and essential direction to formal system.

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Technologies, awareness of management practices to overcome diseases, role of stakeholders has been crucial for well-being of livestock and farmers. Efforts are made to provide quality health care with advent of modern techniques, advocating as well as sharing considerable resources with livestock institutions. However, the key component which enhances effectiveness of service delivery is Farm Management. This review paper reinforces necessity to attempt different incubation models for technology demonstrations in improvising it. Collaborative approach involving primary stakeholders (farmers) has been stressed in this endeavour. Models like Non Linear Innovation System [NLIS] and Open Source Innovation System [OSIS] has been shared. Features like development of utilize system, trust, social reciprocity, involvement of information gatekeepers can enhance scope of large scale utilization and diffusion of technologies. The challenge for livestock system is to minimize technological gap between research stations and end users stations. The accessibility of technical knowhow depends on several criteria such as gender, availability of technology, reinforcement strategies among farmers and resource personnel's, networking among institutions, nature of demonstrations and ethical values. It is to be reiterated that more literature evidence needs to be generated in livestock science for In-situ incubation Model of Alternative Technologies [IMAT]. The paper argues for standardizing and providing simple solutions based on revival of knowledge systems. Widening knowledge gap between formal institutions and primary stakeholders can be reduced through IMAT. This enhances bonhomie among different stakeholders during interface through scientific intervention.

| National Innovation Foundation-India had redefined livestock innovation system in India through green grassroots technological innovations and outstanding traditional knowledge practices. The institution address the requirement for future generation to understand values of Indigenous Knowledge Research System through empirical evidence. Communities maintain these knowledge systems for their sustenance with help of learnings from nature. This research study is one such example to showcase medicinal value of novel veterinary medication preserved by outstanding traditional healer Shri. Sitanath Munda, Jharkhand state of India. The experience reiterates importance of building trust and reciprocity towards knowledge holders as advocated by Honey Bee Network. Social interaction with creative society and peer group pressure enabled healer to share a medication in treatment of bloat among ruminants. This medication AHP/JH/SM was tested against clinical condition in small ruminants. An in-vitro rumen simulation experiment confirmed its property to sustain pH and restored viability of rumen microflora. This had resulted in 50 percent reduction of gas production thereby reduced emission of greenhouse gas. These effective formulations need to be incorporated in intervention program of animal husbandry departments. This will enhance the scope of interaction between formal resource personnel with society to understand, imbibe and to act on local wisdom. More evidences have to be generated to understand tacit value of Indigenous Knowledge Research System [IKRS] in addressing environmental concern.crossmark.crossref.org/dialog/?doi=10.14737/journal.aavs/2016/4.5.241.249&domain=pdf&date_stamp=2008-08-14

Questions are raised in effective utilization of farmer’s wisdom by communities in their farming. Planners support to livelihood emphasize mostly of inputs from outside and not setting up sustainable goals. Formal institutions and planners of program are finding constraints and sceptical in wider dissemination of indigenous knowledge research system (IKRS). This is in spite of evidence that considerable number of farmer’s in livestock sector depends on IKRS. In this context, it is pertinent to showcase dissemination potential of these knowledge system(s) in larger geographical areas. The review illustrates different challenges encountered while control of livestock ailments like ectoparasite infestation through IKRS. Several times, it was opinioned to provide or share IKRS to thwart ailments in a specific region. This is interesting as it was narrated how formal system is unable to recognize farmer’s problem and challenges in integrating these sustainable practices. It has to be noted that disseminating activities seldom takes into account the experimental potential of farmers. This review paper articulates various evidences generated in enhancing diffusion thereby dissemination of IKRS. The nature of support extended by IKRS in entrepreneurial activity of smallholder farming units did not get adequate recognition. There needs to be minimum standard protocol in deriving benefit from such low-cost alternative technologies. This will enrich incremental innovation activities as per location specific need and provide scope for wider dissemination.

| Worldwide stakeholders have acknowledged the role of Indigenous Knowledge Research System (IKRS) as cost effective, readily accessible and sustainable solution. Several studies reflect documentation and assessment of indigenous veterinary practices. However, limited research studies have been conducted to demonstrate suitable model for integrating IKRS with livestock health intervention system. This exploratory research study explains utilization of IKRS in Gujarat and Manipur state of India. The study revealed that farmers were keen to embrace IKRS due to availability of practices, failure of conventional medications against certain ailments. Farmers were found to be aware of medicinal properties of plants, and acclaimed knowledge holders in usage of IKRS in their regions. These indigenous technologies or practices were location specific and innovative. The findings reiterated that State Department of Animal Husbandry (SDAH) alone cannot provide quality livestock health care. The support of SDAH, dairy societies and university research system is paramount for conservation and wider diffusion. Advancement of systemic response to indigenous healers can enable them to organize and acknowledge each other's effort through co-operative spirit. These frugal innovations can complement existing health care system and enhance livestock welfare, if only natural resources are conserved. Willingness, abilities of knowledge holders, farmers being part of research system, their experimental learning and knowledge of medicinal plants have to be reflected while designing disease control programs. Non-monetary incentives and diverse ways of engagement with knowledge holders are pre-requisite for sustaining, scaling knowledge systems. A suitable framework is shared for invigorating IKRS through utilizing, conserving natural resources with the help of existing formal and informal veterinary institutions. Keywords | Biodiversity, Frugal innovation, Integration, Indigenous knowledge, Livestock RavikumaR

Aim:This study was conducted to demonstrate the acaricide efficacy of novel indigenous veterinary medication shared by an outstanding knowledge holder against naturally infested cattle and efforts in mainstreaming such wisdom.Materials and Methods:An indigenous herbal medication in control of tick infestation was documented, and experimentation was held against naturally affected cattle. Eighteen clinically infested cattle population comprising 16 crossbred and 2 non-descript cattle were purposively selected. Majority of them were adult females, reported with a higher incidence of tick at Veterinary institution. The average pre-treatment tick count at 24 sites of observations among these animals was 18.91±2.04 (Mean [x̄]±standard error [SE]). The medication was topically applied once daily for 2 days and post-treatment observations were recorded for an experimental period of 14 days’ duration.Results:During 24-h post-treatment observation, the medication had shown 92.95% acaricidal property with clinically irrelevant rate of tick infestation of 1.33±0.39 (x̄ ±SE) was noticed before application of subsequent (second) dosage. This practice was found significantly effective at 5% level of significance (t0.05, 23=9.08) illustrating faster relief to livestock. Animals were treated with herbal medication as per dosage on the second day and no reinfestation was noticed up to 14 days of experimental observation.Conclusion:The study strengthens the belief that indigenous herbal acaricide can facilitate quality livestock service at geographically distant locations. These medications can provide quicker relief, minimize tick resistance and are favorable to the environment.

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