Background: Cognitive impairment is a physiological consequence of ageing. Mostly, after 65 years of age, impairment in the memory and dexterity is common. The various factors for such decline are yet under evaluation. The “Montreal Cognitive Assessment Scale” scoring system is been used in this study. This scale is based on seven domains of cognition. It is developed to improve the chances of early detection of cognitive impairment and it claims to diagnose dementia more efficiently compared to the standard MMSE scale. Aims and Objectives: The present study was conducted to compare the cognition status in hypertensive and normotensive individuals of similar age groups. Materials and Methods: The study participants were the selected patients attending the hypertension (HTN) OPD in Seth GS Medical college and KEM HOSPITAL Parel, Mumbai and among the staff working. Patients with age 30–40 years and blood pressure (BP) <140/90 mm Hg supine position without taking any anti-hypertensive medication. After selection of study subjects, the cognition status was assessed in both groups using the MoCA instrument. The BP was measured in supine posture, after interval of 10 min between each measurement, with the help of Sphygmomanometer. Unpaired “t”-test was applied to test the significance of difference of mean values of MoCA scale. Results: We observed that among hypertensive subjects, comparatively lower MoCA score (mean value: 25.97) was reported. Thirteen (28.88%) study subjects had low MoCA score, whereas 32 (71.11%) hypertensive study subjects had normal MoCA score. Conclusion: Thus, if the HTN is of a longer duration, it may show the poor cognitive performance. However, more such studies are required to know the exact mechanism and to know the critical level of BP which can cause cognitive impairment in long standing cases.
Background: India like many other developing countries in the world is witnessing the rapid aging of its population. Urbanization, modernization, and globalization have led to change in the economic structure, the erosion of societal values, weakening of social values, and social institutions such as the joint family. Active aging aims to extend healthy life expectancy and quality of life (QOL) in older persons, and the QOL are largely determined by its ability to maintain autonomy and independence. Aims and Objectives: The present study was conducted at a teriary apex institute to study the socio-demographic characteristics, and the functional assessment in the elderly subjects in urban community. Materials and Methods: It was a cross-sectional observational study conducted at the area situated near western suburb of metro city and population of around one lakh sixty thousand. It consisted of housing buildings, multiple slum area. The current study was conducted over 1 year 6 months (18 months).The sampling unit being 102 Geriatric individuals of selected area of urban health center. Results: Out of 102 study, subjects 22 (21.56%) were complete independent to perform daily instrumental activities. Maximum study 48 (47.05%) subjects were required moderate assistance for performing the instrumental activities. Numbers of female study subjects were more among moderates assistance 24 (44.44%) and modified assistance 20 (19.60%). Out of 102 study subjects 55 (53.92%) were complete independent followed by 30 (29.41%) modified independence. Numbers of female subjects were more among moderate assistance 10 (58.82%). Conclusion: No study subject was dependent or maximal assistance for their self-care activities. Male and female in the present study can perform their self-care activities of daily living with equal efficiency.
Background: The COVID-19 vaccination program was introduced in India on 16 January 2021. The Government-issued fact sheet was the only source of information regarding Adverse Events Following Immunizations (AEFIs) for these vaccines. Aims and Objectives: The objective of this study was to assess the AEFI reported following COVISHIELD vaccination in an urban health center. Materials and Methods: The spontaneous reporting method was used for data collection for 3 months. A data collection form was designed to collect the data from the study population who reported adverse events. Collected data were analyzed and categorized by severity and seriousness. The causality assessment was done using the World Health Organization’s causality assessment algorithm. Results: A total of 3,486 doses of COVISHIELD vaccine were administered at the study site during the study period. In all, 306 AEFIs were reported from 190 subjects with an incidence rate of 5.45%. The majority of the subjects with AEFIs belonged to the age group of 18–45 years. Out of the total 306 AEFIs, 287 AEFIs were expected as per the fact sheets. Most of the AEFIs (59.47% [n=182]) were observed at the system organ class of “General disorders and administration site conditions.” After the causality assessment, out of 433 AEFIs to COVISHIELD vaccine, 94.22% (n=287) of events were categorized to have “consistent causal association with immunization.” All of them recovered from their adverse events without any sequelae. Conclusion: Most common AEFI after COVISHIELD vaccination was found to be general disorders and administration site conditions. No severe AEFI reported.
Background: A cross-sectional study was carried out in urban area. The primary outcome of the study was the proportion of breakthrough infection in vaccinated subjects, which was defined as any COVID-19 infection occurring ≥30 days after receiving both the doses of either of the vaccine(s). Aims and Objectives: The aims of this study were to determine prevalence of COVID-19 breakthrough infection among COVID 19 vaccinated patients, (1) to study demographic factors affecting breakthrough infection and (2) to compare the proportion of breakthrough infection among Covishield and Covaxin recipients. Materials and Methods: The subjects were selected by systematic random sample method from available vaccination record. A questionnaire was administered in local language containing demographic information and COVID-related information. Nasopharyngeal swab was taken by trained Interns with all necessary precautions, RT-PCR swab was labeled and sent to PCR laboratory in cold chain for testing. Results: A total 445 subjects were tested for COVID-19. Subjects included 290 (65.2%) males and 155 (34.8%) females. Maximum cases were from age group of 21–30 year (23.4%). The mean age was found to be 43 year. About 8.85% subjects test result came positive despite taking two doses of either COVID vaccine. Breakthrough infection was more among males than females. Covaxin recipient subjects showed marginally higher percentage of breakthrough infection (9.1%) than Covishield. Out of the 39 breakthrough infections, 16 subjects were having comorbidities. Maximum breakthrough infection was seen in subjects having diabetes mellitus and hypertension both and hypertension alone (1.6%). Conclusion: A prevalence of 8.8% of COVID-19 breakthrough infection was reported in our study among fully vaccinated subjects after 30 days of last vaccine dose. Males are at higher risk of getting infection. People with comorbidities are at higher risk of breakthrough infection and hospitalization.
The obesity epidemic is not only limited to high-income or urbanized societies, but has also become prevalent among rural communities, even in India. Approaches to modifiable behaviors, like unhealthy dietary habits or a sedentary lifestyle, could bring positive results among obese populations. This research aimed to assess the effectiveness of lifestyle intervention programs to prevent obesity and cardio-metabolic risks among Bengali obese adults (Body Mass Index of 25-30kg/m 2 ). The population was selected from rural and urban communities of Hooghly district in west Bengal, India and included 121 participants (20-50 years), divided into four groups (rural male, rural female, urban male, and urban female) who underwent a 12-month intervention program. Anthropometric parameters, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, biochemical parameters (fasting blood glucose, fasting plasma insulin, Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance [HOMA-IR] and lipid profile), dietary habits, and physical activity profiles were assessed before the study (baseline), after 12 months of intervention (post-intervention), and after 24 months (follow-up), among all groups, to evaluate changes in data within and between the groups (rural vs. urban). The results showed a significant decline in anthropometric parameters and fasting blood glucose levels among all intervention groups, HOMA-IR in rural females, and serum triglyceride levels in urban groups. A significant improvement was noted regarding dietary habits and physical activity, even during follow-up. The impact of the intervention program did not show any rural-urban difference. The lifestyle intervention program was effective in reducing obesity and related health risks and promoting a healthy lifestyle among the target population.
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