Aim:Hemorrhagic gastroenteritis (HGE) ranging from mild to severe forms is commonly encountered in puppies. The aim of the study was to identify the prevalence of common enteropathogens and the antibiotic sensitivity pattern in puppies reported with HGE.Materials and Methods:The canine HGE activity index, with little modification, was adopted to identify Grade III/severely affected puppies below 6 months of age. Fecal polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay was employed to screen and compare the enteropathogens in puppies with hemorrhagic diarrhea and healthy control.Results:Canine parvovirus 2b was identified in 90.3% of the diarrheic and 10% of the non-diarrheic healthy puppies. Clostridium difficile was identified in all the diarrheic puppies and in 80% of the healthy puppies. Among the diarrheic puppies, 17.7% were positive for Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin, 9.7% were positive for C. perfringens alpha toxin, 6.4% were positive for Escherichia coli shiga toxin, 6.4% were positive for E. coli enterotoxin (LT), and 3.2% were positive for canine distemper virus. Whereas, none of the healthy puppies were positive for these bacteria and toxins. Fecal antibiotic sensitivity test pattern revealed gentamicin to be sensitive in 95% of the cases, azithromycin in 50%, enrofloxacin in 25%, cefotaxime in 20%, and tetracycline in 5% of the cases.Conclusion:Parvoviral enteritis is predominant among puppies. Yet, bacteria and their toxins also play an important role in HGE. Gentamicin has higher sensitivity against the enteropathogens associated with the condition.
Migraine characterized by recurrent headaches present with aura or without aura. Various treatment modalities ranging from 5-hydroxytryptamine 1B/1D agonists, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs to steroids are available for acute treatment of migraine. Prophylaxis for chronic cases is usually with β blockers, calcium channel blockers, and antiepileptics. Even many nutraceutical preparations are helpful in migraine including riboflavin, vitamin b12. This review focuses on the newer agents available for treatment of migraine with some sight into their clinical trials.
Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL) is a rare lymph proliferative disorder of mature CD4 T-cells caused by the human T-lymph tropic type 1 (HTLV 1) of retrovirus family. Combination of zidovudine and interferon Alfa combination is one of most commonly used regimen. Many drugs are implicated in causing interstitial lung disease. Hence, we report a case of interferon Alfa-induced bilateral interstitial pneumonia in a 32-year-old female patient diagnosed with ATLL with HTLV 1 positivity.
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