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Autologous nerve grafts are the current criterion standard for repair of peripheral nerve injuries when the transected nerve ends are not amenable to primary end-to-end tensionless neurorrhaphy. However, donor-site morbidities such as neuroma formation and permanent loss of function have led to tremendous interest in developing an alternative to this technique. Artificial nerve conduits have therefore emerged as an alternative to autologous nerve grafting for the repair of short peripheral nerve defects of less than 30 mm; however, they do not yet surpass autologous nerve grafts clinically. A thorough understanding of the complex biological reactions that take place during peripheral nerve regeneration will allow researchers to develop a nerve conduit with physical and biological properties similar to those of an autologous nerve graft that supports regeneration over long nerve gaps and in large-diameter nerves. In this article, the authors assess the currently available nerve conduits, summarize research in the field of developing these conduits, and establish areas within this field in which further research would prove most beneficial.

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Melanoma is a common malignancy with a high survival rate amongst those diagnosed early. The management of advanced disease is challenging, and current chemosurgery techniques have minimal effect on survival. Nanotechnology, offers great potential in revolutionizing the management of melanoma. New molecules and nanoparticles are designed worldwide in an aim to improve the diagnosis and spread to sentinel lymph nodes and other organs. Novel drug delivery systems are formulated to optimise the distribution and pharmacokinetics of chemotherapeutic agents while reducing their toxic effects. The scope of such molecules extends to therapeutic applications including photodynamic and photothermic therapy where light is converted to heat to combat neoplastic lesions; immunotherapy where nanoparticles are used as immunomodulators or vaccines against cancer cells; and gene therapy which targets pro-oncogenes on signal transduction pathways. This review paper presents current knowledge of the use of nanotechnology in the management of cancer, with a focus on melanoma.

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