Fluoroquinolones are administered as routine drugs of choice for treating complicated urinary tract infections caused by multidrug resistant Acinetobacter baumannii strains. It is now a world-wide issue that gyr and par induced quinolone resistance as one of the major drug resistance mechanisms. This investigation is thus aimed to assess the prevalence of quinolone resistance and to characterize the gyrA and parC producing strains of A. baumannii. Genomic DNA from 50 fluoroquinolone resistant A. baumannii were screened for gyrA and parC by PCR for the genetic relatedness with fluoroquinolone resistance, with sequencing of the representative strains. All the strains were positive for gyrA(100%) and 82% (n=41) for parC. Presence of parC was observed in 56.09% (n=23) ciprofloxacin resistant A. baumannii with 43.90% (n=18) in levofloxacin resistant A. baumannii. The findings of the present study showed the prevalence of fluoroquinolone resistance among A. baumannii in urinary tract infections and the frequency of gyrA and parC in inducing the resistance.
Cereal rye and its wild forms are important sources of genetic diversity for wheat breeding due to their resistances to biotic and abiotic stresses. <i>Secale strictum</i> subsp. <i>anatolicum </i>(Boiss.) K.Hammer (SSA) is a weedy relative of cultivated rye, <i>S. cereale</i>. Meiotic chromosome pairing in F<sub>1</sub> hybrids of SSA and <i>S. cereale</i> reveals strong genomic affinity between the two genomes. A study of the transferability of <i>S. cereale</i> sequence-based markers to SSA and hexaploid triticale demonstrated their applicability for tracing SSA chromatin in wheat. The transferability of the markers was over 80% from homoeologous groups 1, 2 and 3, and greater than 70% from groups 4 to 7, respectively. This study focused on the generation and molecular and cytogenetic characterization of wheat-SSA alien derivatives. Twelve were identified using combinations of non-denaturing fluorescence in situ hybridization (ND-FISH), genomic in situ hybridization (GISH) and molecular marker analysis. All SSA chromosomes, except 3R<sup>a</sup> and 6R<sup>a</sup>, were transferred to wheat either in the form of monosomic (MAs), mono-telosomic (MtAs), double-mono-telosomic (dMtAs) or double-monosomic (dMAs) additions. The germplasm developed in this study will help to enhance the genetic base of wheat and facilitate molecular breeding of wheat and triticale.
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