Due to distinguishing characteristics of nanoparticles (NPs) in terms of size, shape, chemical composition, transmittal and different applications, nanotechnology is considered as an interesting domain of research. Application of metallic NPs is important because of the diminution of dimensions and thus the unique thermal, optical and electronic properties. This research attempts to explore the synthesis of zinc oxide NPs. Zinc oxide NPs have been synthesized using cherry extract under different pH, temperature and concentration and then optimum conditions for the synthesis of them were determined. For further investigations, UV-Vis spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier infrared transformation spectroscopy (FTIR) were used. The solution containing zinc oxide NPs showed a major absorbance of 378 nm which confirmed the synthesis of zinc oxide NPs, and spherical morphology of NPs was observed in SEM images. Zinc oxide NP sizes were 6.5 and 20.18 nm which are obtained by UV-Vis spectra and XRD spectrum, respectively. Also, based on the FTIR spectra of the extract obtained before and after the synthesis, the existence of the reducing agents in herbal extract was confirmed. According to this study, the biological synthesis of NPs using plant extracts can be considered as a cost-effective and efficient method of biological synthesis of NPs and it could be an appropriate replacement to typical chemical methods for the synthesis of NPs.

Introduction:Coexistence of Wilson’s disease and autoimmune hepatitis has been rarely reported in English literature. In this group of patients, there exist features of both diseases and laboratory and histopathological studies may be misleading. Medical treatment for any of these entities, per se, may result in poor response. Therefore, by considering the acute hepatitis resembling Wilson’s disease and autoimmune hepatitis, simultaneous therapy with immunosuppressive and penicillamine may have a superior benefit.Case Presentation:We present the case of a 10-year-old boy with nausea, vomiting, yellowish discoloration of skin and sclera, abdominal pain and tea-color urine. Physical examination showed mild hepatomegaly and right upper quadrant tenderness. Laboratory and histochemical studies and atomic absorption test were done and the results were highly suggestive of both Wilson’s disease and autoimmune hepatitis, in him.Conclusions:This case study highlights, although rare, the coexistence of Wilson’s disease and autoimmune hepatitis and the need to maintain a high level of awareness of this problem. Therefore, it is reasonable to consider this type of hepatitis in rare patients, with dominant features of both diseases at the same time.

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Aim Constipation is one of the most common complaints in childhood affecting the quality of life of both children and parents. This study intends to investigate rectal measurements on ultrasound and their relationship with bowel habits. Methods In this cross‐sectional study, 100 children with functional constipation (FC) referred to a single hospital between 2018 and 2019 were enrolled. After obtaining informed consent, a questionnaire including demographic and constipation characteristics was completed, and a physical examination including digital rectal examination (DRE) was performed. Complete abdominopelvic ultrasound was then performed. Target measurements included rectal transverse diameter (RTD), rectal anterior wall thickness (RAWT) and the presence of faecal impaction. Results One hundred children with a mean age of 7.68 ± 3.30 years were present in the study. The mean duration of constipation was 15.86 ± 13.34 months. In 14% of children, painful defaecation was reported. 88% of children had some degree of faecal incontinence. According to the ultrasound findings, the mean RTD and RAWT were 3.39 ± 0.73 cm and 2.77 ± 0.68 mm, respectively, and faecal impaction was present in 70% of cases. There was a positive correlation between RTD and RAWT with age, duration of constipation and the presence of hard stools, and there was a negative correlation with frequency of defecation (P < 0.05). Conclusion RTD and RAWT increased with increasing constipation duration and the presence of hard stools and decreased with increasing frequency of defaecation. DRE could be omitted from the initial clinical assessment if you had access to reliable ultrasound data.

Background: Febrile seizure is one of the most prevalent pediatric diseases. An essential part of the physicians' efforts is to decreasing the parents' stress level when they confront febrile diseases in children. Objectives: This study was performed to compare the effects of acetaminophen and ibuprofen on controlling fever and preventing seizures in children with febrile seizure. Patients and Methods: In this study, 36 children who were under the control of acetaminophen in the case of febrile diseases occurrence as well as 36 who were under the control of ibuprofen were included. After prescribing the drug for the febrile disease period (ibuprofen, 10 mg/kg every 6 hours; acetaminophen, 15 mg/kg every 6 hours), the parents were asked to record the children's body temperatures as well as any occurrence of convulsion in periods of 0, 2, 4, 6, 12, and 24 hours after the administration of the first dose. Results:The mean temperature at the time of starting drug administration was 39.06℃ ± 0.56℃ in the acetaminophen and 39.19℃ ± 0.61℃ in the ibuprofen group (P = 0.335). There was no significant difference between the temperature decrease following ibuprofen and acetaminophen administration one, two, and four hours after the drug administration (P =0.055, P = 0.181, and P = 0.0167, respectively), but the difference was significant after 6, 12, and 24 hours (P value of 0.006, 0.044, and 0.005, respectively). No serious or important adverse effect was reported in patients. Conclusions: In this study, the type of antipyretic drug did not have any effect on preventing the convulsions. However, ibuprofen was more effective than acetaminophen for controlling fever in children and no significant adverse effect was observed by consuming any of the medications.

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