Background:Clostridium difficile is the most prevalent cause of antibiotic-associated infectious diarrhea al-around the world. Prevalence of virulent and resistant strains of Clostridium difficile is increasing now a day. The present investigation was carried out to study the prevalence, ribotyping and antibiotic resistance pattern of C. difficile isolated from diarrheic and non-diarrheic pediatrics.Materials and methods:Four-hundred stool specimens were collected from the diarrheic and non-diarrheic pediatrics hospitalized due to the diseases other than diarrhea. Samples were cultured and their positive results were subjected to disk diffusion and PCR-based ribotyping.Results:Thirty-five out of 400 (8.75%) samples were positive for C. difficile. Prevalence of C. difficile in diarrheic and non-diarrheic pediatrics were 11.25% and 4.16%, respectively. Male had the higher prevalence of bacteria than female (P < 0.05). eight to twelve months old pediatrics were the most commonly infected group. R27 (14.28%), R1 (10.71%), R12 (7.14%), R13 (7.14%) and R18 (7.14%) were most commonly detected ribotypes. There were no positive results for studied ribotypes in non-diarrheic pediatrics. C. difficile strains had the highest levels of resistance against tetracycline (71.42%), erythromycin (57.14%), moxifloxacin (48.57%), metronidazole (28.57%) and clindamycin (22.85%) antibiotics.Conclusion:Prescription of antibiotics in diarrheic pediatrics, males and also 8-12 months old pediatrics should be done in a regular and cautious manner.

IL-22 is elevated and associated with CD38 and Zap-70 expression in patients with CLL. No significant correlation was found between expression of CD38 and increased levels of IL-17A, negative expression of ZAP-70 showed a significant association with increased levels of IL-17A. © 2016 International Clinical Cytometry Society.

In this study, expression of FasL and Ki-67 messenger RNA (FasL and Ki-67 mRNA) in human retinoblastoma (HRB) was examined by the immunohistochemistry method and quantitative real-time PCR. Positive expression of Ki-67 in tumor cells was detected in 16 of 30 patients (53.33%), and only 9 (30%) of the tissues from patients with retinoblastoma showed positive staining for FasL. Our results revealed that FasL expression was significantly higher in tumor tissue with invasion compared with the noninvasion form (p = 0.033). Ki-67 expression was markedly increased in tumor tissues with invasion compared with the noninvasion group (p = 0.04), but no significant correlation was found between FasL expression and differentiation (p > 0.05). In addition, Ki-67 expression was strongly linked to differentiation (p < 0.002). Expression of these FasL was correlated with shorter overall survival of patients, but its expression was not significantly associated with overall survival (p = 0.15). The impact of Ki-67 expression on survival in patients was also evaluated. Ki-67 expression level was not found to be significantly associated with shorter survival (Kaplan-Meier; p = 0.09). Univariate analysis revealed that massive choroidal invasion was correlated with poor prognosis. Taken together, the data suggest that massive choroidal invasion is also an important indicator of poor prognosis for HRB.

Background: Steroid administration during cardiopulmonary bypass is considered to improve cardiopulmonary function by modulating inflammations caused by bypass. Objectives: This study was performed to compare effectiveness of preoperative and intraoperative methylprednisolone (MP) to preoperative methylprednisolone alone in post bypass inflammatory (IL-6) and anti-inflammatory (IL-10) factors. Patients and Methods: Fifty pediatric patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass surgery from August 2011 to 2012 in the cardiac surgery department of Imam Reza Hospital, the major center for CPB, in Mashhad, Iran were randomly assigned to receive preoperative and intraoperative MP (30 mg/kg, 4 hours before bypass and in bypass prime, number 25) or preoperative MP only (30 mg/kg, number 25). Before and after bypass, four and 24 hours after bypass, serum IL-6 and IL-10 were measured by ELISA. Results: In both groups, no significant difference with variation of expression for IL-6 (inflammatory factor) and IL-10 (anti-inflammatory factor) in different times after bypass was observed. Conclusions: No significant difference in reducing post bypass inflammation between preoperative steroid treatment and combined preoperative and intraoperative steroid administration reported and they had the same effects.

ObjectiveThis paper aims to study the influence of both general and spinal anesthesia on blood sugar changes in patients undergoing cesarean.MethodsThis is a single-blind clinical trial study conducted on 60 patients with classes 1 and 2 anesthesia. The patients were divided by chance into the general anesthesia and spinal anesthesia groups (each contains 30 members). The patients in the spinal group were blocked up to the T4 level and similar methods and medicines were also utilized for those in the general anesthesia group.ResultsNo significant difference was observed in the blood sugar levels of both groups before and after the operation, but the group, which had utilized the general anesthesia method, had reported with lower levels of blood sugar than the spinal anesthesia group after operation with a significant difference (P < 0.05). A difference has been observed in the levels of blood sugar at 2, 12, and 24 h after the operation in both groups, but it was not a statistically significant difference.ConclusionHowever, none of the mentioned methods had any influence on reduction of blood sugar levels during the recovery or the period after it.

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