BackgroundThe Kampala Metropolitan Area (KMA) is the fastest developing region in Uganda. Over recent years, this has placed exponential demand on the road sector, which consequently has contributed to rapid growth in motorized vehicles which, predisposes the region to a high risk of road traffic incidents (RTIs). A number of concerted road safety and post-crash management measures to respond to RTIs in the KMA in particular and Uganda as a whole have been undertaken. However, there is a need to greatly improve the measures by better identifying the factors influencing the exposure, vulnerability and emergency medical service (EMS) capacity for RTI victims. The present study seeks to investigate and reveal these factors.MethodsA Delphi technique employing a questionnaire and involving a multidisciplinary panel of experts was used in three rounds.ResultsThe ten (10) most important factors affecting the exposure, vulnerability and EMS capacity for victims of RTIs in the KMA were identified. Socio-cultural, infrastructure and road safety aspects were the factors most identified as affecting the exposure and vulnerability. The absence of a national EMS policy and post-crash care system, as well as the fact that many victims lack health insurance, were noted to be the factors adversely affecting the EMS capacity.ConclusionsThere exists is a real need to substantially reduce the burden of RTIs in KMA, with ultimate goal of saving lives that are being lost needlessly and reducing the impact of injuries and trauma and the economic losses associated with it. This study offers insights into the causes of RTIs and the most appropriate ways of responding to them especially with the establishment and empowerment of predefined and structured EMS systems.

Objectives: The authors performed a prospective, double-blinded, randomized trial with emergency department (ED) patients requiring procedural sedation and analgesia (PSA) for repair of deep traumatic lacerations and reduction of bone fractures, to compare the ketamine ⁄ propofol (ketofol) combination with the midazolam ⁄ fentanyl (MF) combination.Methods: Sixty-two patients scheduled for PSA who presented between January 2009 and June 2009 were enrolled prospectively. Thirty-one were randomly assigned to the ketofol group, and 31 were assigned to the MF group.Results: The median starting doses were 0.75 mg ⁄ kg of both ketamine and propofol (interquartile range [IQR] = 0.75 to 1.5 mg ⁄ kg), 0.04 mg ⁄ kg midazolam (IQR = 0.04 to 0.06 mg ⁄ kg), and 2 lg ⁄ kg fentanyl (IQR = 2 to 3 lg ⁄ kg). There were no significant differences in sedation time between the groups. There were no differences in physician satisfaction (p = 0.065). Perceived pain in the ketofol group, as measured by the Visual Analog Scale (VAS), was significantly lower than in the MF group (median ketofol = 0, IQR = 0-1 vs. median MF = 3, IQR = 1-6; p < 0.001). Only one patient in each group required bag-mask ventilation, and neither of them were intubated. Conclusions:The ketamine ⁄ propofol combination provides adequate sedation and analgesia for painful procedures and appears to be a safe and useful technique in the ED.

Intra-articular injection of lidocaine before closed reduction of anterior shoulder dislocation produces the same pain relief as intravenous meperidine and diazepam.

Clinical assessment and classification of shock is extremely difficult to conduct on critically ill patients especially upon arrival at the emergency department. Resuscitative point-of-care ultrasound could be used for rapid initial diagnosis and better management. In this study, the results of using the RUSH (Rapid Ultrasound in Shock) exam to determine the type of shock in the emergency department are compared to the final diagnosis of patients. This was a single-center prospective study in which all patients with an unknown type of shock and no prior treatment were included. Parallel to the standard resuscitative management and diagnosis of the emergency team, the RUSH exam was performed blindly on the patient by an emergency medicine staff who was not part of the patient's caregiving team. The results of the RUSH exam were then compared to the final diagnosis of the patients and the 48-h outcome. Twenty-five patients were enrolled in this study. The overall kappa correlation of the RUSH exam compared with the final diagnosis was 0.84 which is an almost perfect agreement. The overall sensitivity of the RUSH exam was 88 % and the specificity was 96 %. Although the mortality rate was 64 %, there was not a significant relationship between mortality and the protocol used for diagnosis. The RUSH exam could be used in emergency wards to detect types of shock.

Objective:Emergency departments (EDs) are characterized by simultaneous care of multiple patients with various medical conditions. Due to a large number of patients with complex diseases, speed and complexity of medication use, working in under-staffing and crowded environment, medication errors are commonly perpetrated by emergency care providers. This study was designed to evaluate the incidence of medication errors among patients attending to an ED in a teaching hospital in Iran.Methods:In this cross-sectional study, a total of 500 patients attending to ED were randomly assessed for incidence and types of medication errors. Some factors related to medication errors such as working shift, weekdays and schedule of the educational program of trainee were also evaluated.Findings:Nearly, 22% of patients experienced at least one medication error. The rate of medication errors were 0.41 errors per patient and 0.16 errors per ordered medication. The frequency of medication errors was higher in men, middle age patients, first weekdays, night-time work schedules and the first semester of educational year of new junior emergency medicine residents. More than 60% of errors were prescription errors by physicians and the remaining were transcription or administration errors by nurses. More than 35% of the prescribing errors happened during the selection of drug dose and frequency. The most common medication errors by nurses during the administration were omission error (16.2%) followed by unauthorized drug (6.4%). Most of the medication errors happened for anticoagulants and thrombolytics (41.2%) followed by antimicrobial agents (37.7%) and insulin (7.4%).Conclusion:In this study, at least one-fifth of the patients attending to ED experienced medication errors resulting from multiple factors. More common prescription errors happened during ordering drug dose and frequency. More common administration errors included dug omission or unauthorized drug.

BackgroundPre-hospital emergency care is a vital and integral component of health systems particularly in the resource constrained countries like Uganda. It can help to minimize deaths, injuries, morbidities, disabilities and trauma caused by the road traffic incidents (RTIs). This study identifies the weaknesses and capacities affecting the pre-hospital emergency care for the victims of RTIs in the Greater Kampala Metropolitan Area (GKMA).MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted in the GKMA using a three-part structured questionnaire. Data related to the demographics, nature of RTIs and victims’ pre-hospital experience and existing Emergency Medical Services (EMS) were collected from victims and EMS specialists in 3 hospitals and 5 EMS institutions respectively. Data was descriptively analyzed, and after the principal component analysis was employed to identify the most influential weaknesses and capacities affecting the pre-hospital emergency care for the victims of RTI in the GKMA.ResultsFrom 459 RTI victims (74.7% males and 25.3% females) and 23 EMS specialists (91.3% males and 8.7% females) who participated in the study between May and June 2016, 4 and 5 key weaknesses and capacities respectively were identified to affect the pre-hospital emergency care for RTI victims in the GKMA. Although some strengths exist like ambulance facilitation, EMS structuring, coordination and others), the key weaknesses affecting the pre-hospital care for victims were noted to relate to absence of predefined EMS systems particularly in the GKMA and Uganda as a whole. They were identified to involve poor quality first aid treatment; insufficient skills/training of the first responders; inadequate EMS resources; and avoidable delays to respond and transport RTI victims to medical facilities.ConclusionsThough some strengths exist, the weaknesses affecting prehospital care for RTI victims primarily emanate from the absence of predefined and well-organized EMS systems in the GKMA and Uganda as a whole.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1186/s12873-017-0137-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Background Disasters may result in mass casualties and an imbalance between health care demands and supplies. This imbalance necessitates the prioritization of the victims based on the severity of their condition. Contributing factors and their effect on decision-making is a challenging issue in disaster triage. The present study seeks to address criteria for ethical decision-making in the prioritization of patients in disaster triage. Methods This conventional content analysis study was conducted in 2017. Subjects were selected from among Iranian experts using purposeful and snowball sampling methods. Data were collected using semi-structured interviews and were analyzed by the content analysis. Results Efficient and effective triage and priority-oriented triage were the main categories. These categories summarized a number of medical and nonmedical factors that should be considered in the prioritization of the victims in disaster triage. Conclusion A combination of measures should be considered to maximize the benefits of the prioritization of causalities in disasters. None of these measures alone would suffice to explain all aspects of ethical decision-making in disaster triage. Further investigations are needed to elaborate on these criteria in decision-making.

Most participants considered morning report sessions held in our hospital to be effective in the way it is; however, issues such as communication skill, emergency department management, critical thinking, ethics, professionalism and evidence-based medicine should also be added to the sessions.