Available data on the long-term consequences of preschool stunting are scarce and conflicting. The objective of this study was to assess the amount of catch-up growth from preschool stunting and the effect of migration (change in environment) during adolescence. A cohort study from preschool age (1-5 y) to adulthood (18-23 y) was conducted among 2874 subjects born in a rural area of Senegal. The subjects were divided into 3 groups of preschool stunting: none, mild, and marked, with height-for-age Z-scores of >-1, -2 to -1, and <-2, respectively. At follow-up, the history of migration was recalled. Mean height was 161.3 cm for girls and 174.0 cm for boys (>/=20 y). Stunted subjects remained smaller than the others: the age-adjusted height deficit between the 2 extreme categories was 6.6 and 9.0 cm in girls and boys, respectively. However, their height increment from early childhood to adulthood differed (69.3, 70.5, and 72.0 cm, P = 0.0001, and 78.9, 80.0, and 80.3 cm, P < 0.01, for nonstunted, mildly stunted, and markedly stunted girls and boys, respectively). The duration of labor migration to the city was associated with height increment in girls only in a nonlinear relation (adjusted means: 67.2, 69.3, 67.4, and 67.7 cm for 4 groups of increasing duration, P < 0.01). In conclusion, Senegalese children caught up in height prior to adulthood, with the adult means approximately 2 cm below the WHO/NCHS reference. However, this global catch up did not reduce height differences between formerly stunted and nonstunted children to any greater extent and it was not enhanced by labor migration.

In order to assess the prevalence of point‐of‐sale promotions of infant and young child feeding products in Phnom Penh, Cambodia; Kathmandu Valley, Nepal; Dakar Department, Senegal; and Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, approximately 30 retail stores per site, 121 in total, were visited. Promotional activity for breastmilk substitutes (BMS) and commercially produced complementary foods in each site were recorded. Point‐of‐sale promotion of BMS occurred in approximately one‐third of sampled stores in Phnom Penh and Dakar Department but in 3.2% and 6.7% of stores in Kathmandu Valley and Dar es Salaam, respectively. Promotion of commercially produced complementary foods was highly prevalent in Dakar Department with half of stores having at least one promotion, while promotions for these products occurred in 10% or less of stores in the other three sites. While promotion of BMS in stores is legal in Senegal, it is prohibited in Cambodia without prior permission of the Ministry of Health/Ministry of Information and prohibited in both Nepal and Tanzania. Strengthening legislation in Senegal and enforcing regulations in Cambodia could help to prevent such promotion that can negatively affect breastfeeding practices. Key messages Even in countries such as Cambodia, Nepal and Tanzania where point‐of‐sale promotion is restricted, promotions of BMS were observed (in nearly one‐third of stores in Phnom Penh and less than 10% in Dar es Salaam and Kathmandu).Limited promotion of commercially produced complementary foods was evident (less than 10% of stores had a promotion for such foods), except in Dakar Department, where promotions were found in half of stores.Efforts are needed to strengthen monitoring, regulation and enforcement of restrictions on the promotion of BMS.Manufacturers and distributors should take responsibility for compliance with national regulations and global policies pertaining to the promotion of breastmilk substitutes.

National legislation and global guidance address labelling of complementary foods to ensure that labels support optimal infant and young child feeding practices. This cross‐sectional study assessed the labels of commercially produced complementary foods (CPCF) sold in Phnom Penh (n = 70), Cambodia; Kathmandu Valley (n = 22), Nepal; Dakar Department (n = 84), Senegal; and Dar es Salaam (n = 26), Tanzania. Between 3.6% and 30% of products did not provide any age recommendation and 8.6−20.2% of products, from all sites, recommended an age of introduction of <6 months. Few CPCF products provided a daily ration (0.0−8.6%) and 14.5−55.6% of those that did exceeded the daily energy recommendation for complementary foods for a breastfed child from 6 to 8.9 months of age. Only 3.6−27.3% of labels provided accurate and complete messages in the required language encouraging exclusive breastfeeding, and almost none (0.0−2.9%) provided accurate and complete messages regarding the appropriate introduction of complementary foods together with continued breastfeeding. Between 34.3% and 70.2% of CPCF manufacturers also produced breastmilk substitutes and 41.7−78.0% of relevant CPCF products cross‐promoted their breastmilk substitutes products. Labelling practices of CPCF included in this study do not fully comply with international guidance on their promotion and selected aspects of national legislation, and there is a need for more detailed normative guidance on certain promotion practices in order to protect and promote optimal infant and young child feeding.

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These findings support the hypothesis that subjects who were small in early life and experienced enhanced post-natal growth have higher levels of SBP, even in low-income settings.

Introduction The first two years of a child's life are particularly important because optimal nutrition during this period will reduce morbidity and mortality rates. Despite the efforts of the Government and its partners, this situation has remained almost stationary for the last 10 years according to the Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) data between 2010 and 2019. Thus, the objective of our study is to assess the evolution of exclusive breastfeeding practices (EBP) in the first six months of life from 2005 to 2020 and the associated factors. Methodology This is a quantitative cross-sectional study using data from the Senegalese Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) from 2010 to 2019. The study covered the entire population of Senegal, particularly men, women aged 14–49 years, and children under five years. The DHS data used are available from the DHS Program STAT compiler database, (The DHS Program STATcompiler. Funded by USAID. http://www.statcompiler.com.). A secondary analysis of the 2017 Senegal Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) data was done to identify key predictors of AME and the practice of giving water in addition to breast milk were done. All analyses were performed using Stata 15.1 software. Results The rate of AME was 47.2% among infants who received MSP versus 39.1% among those who did not (P = 0.007). Mothers who reported receiving breastfeeding counseling two days after delivery were 40% more likely to breastfeed exclusively up to six months than those who did not. (P = 0,003). Mothers who belong to the Wolof, Serer, and Soninke ethnic groups are 42% more likely to give water to infants under six months of age than mothers who belong to the Poular, Mandingue, and Diola ethnic groups (P = 0.0025). Adolescent mothers are more likely to give water to infants under six months of age than older mothers. Adolescent mothers were 2.7 times more likely to give water to infants under six months of age than were mothers aged 35–48 years (P < 0.001). Mothers who received postpartum breastfeeding counseling were 30% less likely to give water to infants younger than 6 months of age than mothers who did not receive breastfeeding counseling (P < 0.001). Discussion The results of this study will therefore be used to guide infant feeding awareness strategies for young women (mothers-to-be) to adhere to and continue exclusive breastfeeding up to six months as recommended by the World Health Organization.

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