VANET as a subclass of MANET is composed of a set of vehicles equipped with wireless transceivers, to build dynamic networks without the need of any pre-existing infrastructure. Over the last few decades, the area of routing protocols in VANETs has been extensively studied. Nevertheless, this area remains even more challenging due to some features of VANETs, such as the high speed of vehicles, the often-disconnected links and the particular mobility pattern. Routing protocols in VANETs could be splitted into four categories: topology, position, multicast and broadcast-based routing protocols. In this paper, we provide a novel detailed taxonomy of routing protocols in VANETs then we present the advantages and drawbacks of each category. Moreover, we clear up the techniques adopted by each of the most popular routing protocols based on the vehicles' position and the topology of the networks. To explore the strengths and weaknesses of each routing protocols, basing on their suitability for VANET, we implemented them by using SUMO and NS3 as simulation tools applied on a real street map of Oujda city. We have extracted the used map from Open Street Map (OSM). Finally, we present our future works used for optimizing the greedy forwarding technique that is adopted by some position-based routing protocols in VANETs. Our suggested technique is based on the angle direction and three other important parameters of the relaying node.

Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN) aims to monitor patient's health remotely, by using mini medical sensors that are attached on the human body to collect important data via the wireless network. However, this type of communication is very vulnerable to various types of attacks, poses serious problems to the individual's life who wears the nodes. In this paper, we present a new classification of the most dangerous attacks based on different criteria, which gives us a clear vision of how attacks affect a WBAN system. Moreover, this classification will help us to specify the strength and the weakness of each attack in order to facilitate the development of a new intrusion detection system (IDS). In the second part of this work, we develop a novel IDS for detecting three types of jamming attacks in WBAN. The proposed methodology is based on the network parameters as an indicator to differentiate the normal case from the abnormal case like false alert or attack state. Through simulation analysis that was applied on Castalia platform by using OMNET++ as a simulator, proves that the proposed IDS have a great effect for detecting the presence of jamming attack in the network.

In the recent years, the study and developments of networks that do not depend on any pre-existing infrastructure have been very popular. Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs) belong to the class of these networks, in which each vehicle participates in routing by transmitting data for other nodes (vehicles). Due to the characteristics of VANET (e.g. high dynamic topology, different communication environment, frequently link breakage…), the routing process still one of the most challenging aspects. Hence, many routing protocols have been suggested to overcome these challenges. Moreover, routing protocols based on the position of vehicles are the most popular and preferred class, thanks to its many advantages like the less control overhead and the scalability. However, this class suffer from some problems such as frequent link breakages caused by the high-mobility of vehicles, which cause a low PDR and throughput. In this investigation, we introduce a novel greedy forwarding strategy used to create a new routing protocol based on the position of vehicles, to reduce the link breakages and get a stable route that improves the PDR and throughput. The proposed Density and Velocity (Speed, Direction) Aware Greedy Perimeter Stateless Routing protocol (DVA-GPSR) is based on the suggested greedy forwarding technique that utilizes the density, the speed and the direction for selecting the most convenient relaying node candidate. The results of simulation prove that DVA-GPSR protocol outperforms the classical GPSR in all studied metrics like PDR, throughput, and the ratio of routing overhead by changing the quantity of vehicles in urban and highway scenarios.

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