Routing Protocols for VANETs: A Taxonomy, Evaluation and Analysis

Abstract

VANET as a subclass of MANET is composed of a set of vehicles equipped with wireless transceivers, to build dynamic networks without the need of any pre-existing infrastructure. Over the last few decades, the area of routing protocols in VANETs has been extensively studied. Nevertheless, this area remains even more challenging due to some features of VANETs, such as the high speed of vehicles, the often-disconnected links and the particular mobility pattern. Routing protocols in VANETs could be splitted into four categories: topology, position, multicast and broadcast-based routing protocols. In this paper, we provide a novel detailed taxonomy of routing protocols in VANETs then we present the advantages and drawbacks of each category. Moreover, we clear up the techniques adopted by each of the most popular routing protocols based on the vehicles' position and the topology of the networks. To explore the strengths and weaknesses of each routing protocols, basing on their suitability for VANET, we implemented them by using SUMO and NS3 as simulation tools applied on a real street map of Oujda city. We have extracted the used map from Open Street Map (OSM). Finally, we present our future works used for optimizing the greedy forwarding technique that is adopted by some position-based routing protocols in VANETs. Our suggested technique is based on the angle direction and three other important parameters of the relaying node.

Performance Evaluation of GPSR and AODV Routing Protocols for High Vehicular Density VANETs

“…That occurs because the routing table of AODV is more advantageous when multiple routing choices are available, and stable links with low transmission rates entail fewer drops of packets. The constant behavior of PDR in GPSR is consistent with the findings of [5], [12], [2], and [6], but somewhat different from [8] whose authors argue that PDR increases with density for GPSR. Nevertheless, we found that the PDR using AODV does not decrease as density increases according to [5].…”

“…The constant behavior of PDR in GPSR is consistent with the findings of [5], [12], [2], and [6], but somewhat different from [8] whose authors argue that PDR increases with density for GPSR. Nevertheless, we found that the PDR using AODV does not decrease as density increases according to [5].…”

“…In this work, the authors found an almost constant response of GPSR as the number of nodes increases. However, some of their results contradict the findings of [5], particularly for the Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR), and the Average Delay response. Moreover, they do not consider either the transmission rate or the Hello time interval impacts.…”

“…Most works of the literature focus on the comparison of GPSR with other well-established protocols. For example, the authors of [5] present a taxonomy and evaluation of routing protocols for VANETs. In that work, AODV, DSDV, OLSR, GPSR, and GPCR were studied in an urban area with 20 to 90 vehicles distributed over 2.25 km 2 , which represents a maximum density of 40 veh/km 2 .…”

A Mini Review of Peer-to-Peer (P2P) for Vehicular Communication

“…Along with that, in reactive, the routes are dependent on demand based upon a query-response process. When the query reaches the receiver, the connection between the sender and receiver is developed [76,77,78].…”