The use of the radial artery for coronary bypass grafting provides excellent clinical and angiographic results at 5 years. Routine use of the radial artery in combination with the left internal thoracic artery can be recommended.

Retroperfusion of the coronary sinus does not provide homogeneous distribution of cardioplegic solution. The goal of this study was to analyze the distribution of flow during retrograde cardioplegic infusion in cadaveric human hearts with two different techniques of coronary sinus cannulation: (1) internal occlusion of the coronary sinus by balloon inflation and (2) external occlusion by tightening the orifice of the coronary sinus around a simple catheter. To evaluate differences between the two techniques, angiographic and electron-beam computed tomographic studies were performed. Computed digital angiography was performed on 14 hearts. Angiographic patterns varied according to type of coronary sinus cannulation. With the balloon inflation technique, the marginal vein and the anterior descending vein were perfused first; the posterior descending vein was not perfused. This vein was opacified secondarily through a venovenous anastomosis located at the apex of the heart. Backward flow into the right atrium (steal phenomenon) was demonstrated. At completion of retroperfusion, the inferior part of the septum remained poorly opacified. Conversely, angiographic findings after external occlusion of the coronary sinus revealed simultaneous injection of all venous channels. The entire septum was well opacified at completion of retroperfusion. Electron-beam computed tomographic study was performed on eight hearts with the external occlusion technique and nine with the internal occlusion technique. The computed tomographic findings confirmed the results of digital angiography. The peak myocardial enhancement and the peak rising rate of myocardial enhancement within the interventricular septum were significantly more important (p < 0.0001) when the external coronary sinus occlusion mode was used than when the internal coronary sinus occlusion mode was used. In all hearts except one, the right ventricular wall was not opacified, regardless of the type of cannulation and the type of radiologic analysis. This study demonstrates the importance of coronary sinus cannulation technique in optimizing the protection of the interventricular septum with retrograde cardioplegic infusion.

The configuration of the articular cavities of the cervico-occipital region have been demonstrated by an experimental technic of positive contrast arthrography in postmortem specimens.